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235 results for “Western Europe”
Data from: Genetic structure and demographic history of house mice in Western Europe inferred using whole genome sequences
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Data from: New insights on postglacial colonisation in Western Europe: the phylogeography of the Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri)
Despite recent advances in the understanding of the interplay between a dynamic physical environment and phylogeography in Europe, the origins of contemporary Irish biota remain uncertain. Current thinking is that Ireland was colonized post-glacially from southern European refugia, following the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM), some 20 000 years BP. The Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri), one of the few native Irish mammal species, is widely distributed throughout Europe but, with the exception of Ireland, is generally rare and considered vulnerable. We investigate the origins and phylogeographic relationships of Irish populations in relation to those across Europe, including the closely related species N. azoreum. We use a combination of approaches, including mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, in addition to approximate Bayesian computation and palaeo-climatic species distribution modelling. Molecular analyses revealed two distinct and diverse European mitochondrial DNA lineages, which probably diverged in separate glacial refugia. A western lineage, restricted to Ireland, Britain and the Azores, comprises Irish and British N. leisleri and N. azoreum specimens; an eastern lineage is distributed throughout mainland Europe. Palaeo-climatic projections indicate suitable habitats during the LGM, including known glacial refugia, in addition to potential novel cryptic refugia along the western fringe of Europe. These results may be applicable to populations of many species.
Data from: Postglacial recolonisation in a cold climate specialist in Western Europe: patterns of genetic diversity in the adder (Vipera berus) support the central-marginal hypothesis
Understanding the impact of postglacial recolonization on genetic diversity is essential in explaining current patterns of genetic variation. The central–marginal hypothesis (CMH) predicts a reduction in genetic diversity from the core of the distribution to peripheral populations, as well as reduced connectivity between peripheral populations. While the CMH has received considerable empirical support, its broad applicability is still debated and alternative hypotheses predict different spatial patterns of genetic diversity. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed the genetic diversity of the adder (Vipera berus) in western Europe to reconstruct postglacial recolonization. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) analyses suggested a postglacial recolonization from two routes: a western route from the Atlantic Coast up to Belgium and a central route from the Massif Central to the Alps. This cold-adapted species likely used two isolated glacial refugia in southern France, in permafrost-free areas during the last glacial maximum. Adder populations further from putative glacial refugia had lower genetic diversity and reduced connectivity; therefore, our results support the predictions of the CMH. Our study also illustrates the utility of highly variable nuclear markers, such as microsatellites, and ABC to test competing recolonization hypotheses.
Data from: Genetic constraints of population expansion of the Carpathian lynx at the western edge of its native distribution range in Central Europe
Even though populations of many large carnivores are expanding throughout Europe, the Eurasian lynx population in the Western Carpathians seems unable to spread beyond the western boundaries of its current distributional range. Many factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, can influence the potential for range expansion: landscape fragmentation, natal philopatry, low natural fecundity and high mortality, and low and sex-biased dispersal rates. In this study we used non-invasive genetic sampling to determine population size fluctuation, sub-structuring and social organisation of the peripheral lynx population at the Czech-Slovak border. Even though the population size has been relatively stable over the period studied (2010-2016), the individual inbreeding coefficients of residents at the end of the study were much higher than those of founders at the beginning of the study. While non-resident individuals (predominantly males) occurred regularly in the study population, only resident individuals with well-established home ranges participated in breeding and produced offspring. Almost half the offspring detected in the study (predominantly females) settled in or near the natal area. Subsequent incestuous mating resulted in production of inbred individuals, reduction of effective population size of the population, and sub-structuring of the population through formation of two distinct family lineages. Our study illustrates how social constraints, such as territoriality, breeding of residents and natal philopatry of females lead to incestuous mating in small-sized populations, especially at the periphery of their distribution. This threat should be taken into account in planning of conservation and population recovery of species with similar social structure.
Data from: Phylogeographic pattern of range expansion provides evidence for cryptic species lineages in Silene nutans in Western Europe
As a result of recent or past evolutionary processes, a single species might consist of distinct Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs), even corresponding to cryptic species. Determining the underlying mechanisms of range shifts and the processes at work in the build-up of divergent ESUs requires elucidating the factors that contribute to population genetic divergence across a species' range. We investigated the large-scale patterns of genetic structure in the perennial herbaceous plant species Silene nutans (Caryophyllaceae) in Western Europe. We sampled and genotyped 111 populations using 13 nuclear microsatellite loci and 6 plastid single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Broad-scale spatial population genetic structure was examined using Bayesian clustering, spatial multivariate analyses and measures of hierarchical genetic differentiation. The genotypic structure of S. nutans was typical of a predominantly allogamous mating system. We also identified plastid lineages with no intra-population polymorphism, mirroring two genetically differentiated nuclear lineages. No evidence of admixture was found. Spatial trends in genetic diversity further suggested independent leading-edge expansion associated with founding events and subsequent genetic erosion. Overall, our findings suggested speciation processes in S. nutans and highlighted striking patterns of distinct stepwise recolonisation of Western Europe shaped by Quaternary climate oscillations. Two main potential ESUs can be defined in Western Europe, corresponding to Eastern and Western nuclear-plastid lineages. In situ preservation of populations and genetic rescue implying ex situ conservation techniques should take the lineage identity into account. This is particularly true in Great Britain, northern France and Belgium, where S. nutans is rare and where distinct lineages co-occur in close contact.
FIGURE 4 in Notes on the genus Eotetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Italy and France with a redescription of Eotetranychus fraxini Reck, new record for Italy and Western Europe
FIGURE 4. Eotetranychus fraxini Reck, male: (A) lateral view of the tarsus and tibia of the first leg; (B) lateral view of the tarsus and tibia of the second leg. Scale bar: 10 μm.
FIGURE 3 in Notes on the genus Eotetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Italy and France with a redescription of Eotetranychus fraxini Reck, new record for Italy and Western Europe
FIGURE 3. Eotetranychus fraxini Reck, female: (A) lateral view of the tarsus and tibia of the first leg; (B) lateral view of the tarsus and tibia of the second leg. Scale bar: 10 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Notes on the genus Eotetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Italy and France with a redescription of Eotetranychus fraxini Reck, new record for Italy and Western Europe
FIGURE 2. Eotetranychus fraxini Reck, male: (A) dorsal view of the right palpetarsus; (B) lateral view of three adeagus; (C) lateral view of the empodium of the first leg; (D) lateral view of the empodium of the second leg. Scale bar: 10 μm.
Fig. 2 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 2. Genetic relationship of the two nuclear genes analysed (BACH1 and RAG1) between the four analysed species: V. ammodytes, V. aspis, V. berus (Italian clade) and V. walser analysed with TCS 1.21 (Clement et al. 2000). Every mutation is represented by a circle.
Fig. 1 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree based on the Maximum-Likelihood reconstruction (calculated with PHYML v3.0; Guindon and Gascuel 2003) using 3254 bp of the mitochondrial DNA showing position of Vipera walser, and relationships with other Vipera species. Values of bootstrap supports are showed for neighbour joining (top left), maximum parsimony (top right), maximum-likelihood (bottom left) and Bayesian inferences (bottom right). Support values for the bPTP species delimitation model are shown in parenthesis right of the species epithet.
Fig. 10 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 10. Current and projected (2035; CMIP5 [IPPC Fifth Assessment]) mean annual rainfall and mean minimum temperatures (°C) for the months May–October within the current range of Vipera walser sp. nov.
Fig. 7 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 7. Variation in head scalation in adult female (upper four photographs) and adult male (lower four photographs) of Vipera walser sp. nov.
Fig. 9 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 9. Habitat of Vipera walser sp. nov. Valle Strona at about 1650 m (upper left), Valle Strona at about 1800 m (upper right), Valle Mastallone at 2070 m (bottom left) and Valle della Vecchia at 1830 m (bottom right)
Fig. 4 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 4. Discriminant analysis, based on the six meristic variables, correctly classifies 94% of females (left) and 88% of males. The strongest discriminatory variables are crown scales and parietals. Blue = V. berus; red = V. walser
Fig. 3 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 3. Results of the non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS, Bray–Curtis with similarity index), for the females (left) and males (right) conducted separately. The following variables were considered: subcaudals, crown scales, apicals, perioculars, parietals and loreals (only on the right side because V. walser show a much higher degree of asymmetry on loreal scales count, compared to V. berus). The analysis was carried out on V. walser and three groups of V. berus having the same number of samples, in order to evaluate intraspecific variability. V. walser are in red. The graphs show V. walser to be well differentiated in respect to the three groups of V. berus, which are mostly overlapping.
Fig. 8 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 8. Currently known extent of occurrence of Vipera walser sp. nov. (in blue) and V. berus (in red) in north western Italy
FIGURE 3 in Britorchestia, a new talitrid genus from western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea and a revision of Pseudorchestoidea and Sardorchestia (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Talitridae)
FIGURE 3. Sardorchestia gracilis (Bousfield & Klawe, 1963), male, female, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico (after Bousfield & Klawe 1963).
FIGURE 1 in Britorchestia, a new talitrid genus from western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea and a revision of Pseudorchestoidea and Sardorchestia (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Talitridae)
FIGURE 1. Britorchestia brito (Stebbing, 1891), male, female, Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea (after Bellan-Santini & Krapp- Schickel 1993).
FIGURE 2 in Britorchestia, a new talitrid genus from western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea and a revision of Pseudorchestoidea and Sardorchestia (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Talitridae)
FIGURE 2. Britorchestia ugolinii (Bellan-Santini & Ruffo, 1991), male, female, Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea (after Bellan- Santini & Krapp-Schickel 1993).
FIGURE 3 in Africorchestia a new genus of sand-hoppers (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) from western Africa and south-western Europe
FIGURE 3. Africorchestia skoogi (Stebbing, 1922), habitus, male and female. Skeleton Coast, Namibia (after Coleman & Leistikow 2001).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.