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Fig. 1 in Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key

Fig. 1. Characters of taxonomic interest in Coletinia Wygodzinsky, 1980. A–C. Coletinia tinauti Molero, Gaju & Bach, 1997, holotype. A. Micrographs of a pedicellar apophysis. B. Urotergite X. C. Basal part of the left cercus. Abbreviations: C1, C2 and C3 = first, second and third divisions of the cercus (the limit between the first and the second is better in focus); D = disc of the urotergite; id = spines or pegs inserted inner dorsal position; the first id spine in the C2 has blunt apex and can be considered as a peg; iL = inner length of the apophysis; iv = spines inserted in inner ventral position; Ms = marginal setae; oL = outer length of the apophysis; P = pedicel; Ss = submarginal setae.

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Fig. 2 in Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key

Fig. 2. Coletinia dalmatica Molero-Baltanás, Fišer, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. Holotype, ♂ (MNCN_Ent 283558). A. Head and frons. B. Clypeus and labrum. C. Pedicellar apophysis. D. Micrograph of the same apophysis. Scale bars: A–C = 0.1 mm; D = 0.2 mm.

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Fig. 6 in Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key

Fig. 6. Coletinia dextra Molero-Baltanás, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. Holotype, ♂ (MNCN_ Ent 283557). A. Head. B. Right antenna: pedicel with apophysis and basal annuli of the flagellum. C. Idem, micrograph. D. Left antenna: pedicel with apophysis and basal annuli of the flagellum. Scale bars: A = 0.2 mm; B–D = 0.1 mm.

Figures 50–57 in Two New Australian Silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Ctenolepismatinae and Nicoletiidae: Subnicoletiinae)

Figures 50–57. Subtrinemura epigea sp. nov. holotype ♂ (50) mid-body urotergite, left side; (51) urotergite X; (52) urosternite VI; (53) urosternite VII; (54) urosternite VIII; (55) apical spine of stylus IX; (56) urosternite IX, parameres and bases of terminal filaments; (57) anemone-like structure of cercus. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figures 43–49 in Two New Australian Silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Ctenolepismatinae and Nicoletiidae: Subnicoletiinae)

Figures 43–49. Subtrinemura epigea sp. nov. holotype ♂ (43) pronotum; (44) mesonotum; (45) metanotum, right side; (46) PI; (47) PII; (48) PIII; (49) tibial spur of PII. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figures 34–42 in Two New Australian Silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Ctenolepismatinae and Nicoletiidae: Subnicoletiinae)

Figures 34–42. Subtrinemura epigea sp. nov. holotype ♂ (34) apically bifurcate macrochaeta from coxa; (35) pointed macrochaeta from urotergite; (36) carrot-shaped macrochaeta of tibia; (37) head on slide, left side missing; (38) left scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres from above; (39) scape and pedicel from below; (40) mandible; (41) maxilla, (42) labium. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figures 28–32 in Two New Australian Silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Ctenolepismatinae and Nicoletiidae: Subnicoletiinae)

Figures 28–32. Hemitelsella luismendesi sp. nov. holotype ♀ unless otherwise indicated by specimen number (28) left coxite VIII, coxites IX and apex of ovipositor, setae of left stylus not shown; (29) apical divisions of anterior gonapophyses; (30) apical divisions of posterior gonapophyses; (31) base of cercus and median dorsal appendage; (32) ♂ (SAMA 21-000420A), coxites IX and penis, styli lost. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figures 22–27 in Two New Australian Silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Ctenolepismatinae and Nicoletiidae: Subnicoletiinae)

Figures 22–27. Hemitelsella luismendesi sp. nov. holotype ♀ (22) metasternum and PIII; (23) urotergite IV; (24) detail of left combs of urotergite III; (25) urotergite X; (26) urosternite II; (27) idem, detail of left comb. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 1 in Two New Australian Silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Ctenolepismatinae and Nicoletiidae: Subnicoletiinae)

Figure 1. ML tree for concatenated COI and 28S genes with ML bootstrap values and BI posterior probabilities

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Figure 13 in Population ecology of Ctenolepisma (C.) udumalpetense (Insecta: Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) in a deciduous forest floor of the Trimurti Dam, Tamil Nadu, India

Figure 13. Showing the monthly fluctuations of male, female and nymph population, temperature and humidity in Row II.

Fig. 18 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 18. Caribesella gen. nov., diagnostic characters of the head not previously illustrated. Micrograph showing part of the head chaetotaxy: the clypeal tuft of one side (white arrow) and the labrum with no tufts (blue arrow); the frontal tuft of the same side is visible (yellow arrow). Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 19 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 19. Caribesella gen. nov., diagnostic characters not previously illustrated, SEM photographs. A. Orbicular scales of dorsal side of the abdomen. B. An indented scale of the dorsal side of the thorax. C. Coxal scales. D. Scales on the apex of the femur. E. Scales and setae on the basal part of the tibia. F. Scales on stylus IX. G. Open anterior trichobothrial area of the pronotum. Scale bars: A = 70 μm; B, G = 50 μm; C = 60 μm; D–E = 90 μm; F = 80 μm.

Fig. 16 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 16. Types of macrochaetae in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Micrograph of smooth bifid macrochaetae on the mandible of Allacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905). B. Comb of smooth and apically bifid macrochaetae of Anisolepisma aquilonaridum Smith, 2016, SEM photograph. C. Micrograph of feathered macrochaetae on the mandible of Ctenolepisma iranicum Molero, Kahrarian & Gaju, 2016. D. Feathered macrochaetae on the frontal area of the head of Hemitelsella transpectinata (Smith, 2015). E. Design of the smooth macrochetae with a round tip on the mandible of Mormisma peyerimhoffi (Silvestri, 1938), adapted from Silvestri (1938). F. Feathered/plumose macrochaeta of the cerci of Swalepisma mirabile Irish, 1988, SEM photograph. Scale bars: A, C–E = 0.1 mm; B, F = 20 μm.

Fig. 17 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 17. Some examples of variability in the body shape and scale pattern of Lepismatidae. A. Sceletolepisma guadianicum (Mendes, 1992), with body shape subcylindrical and greyish-brown uniform dorsal scales. B. Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), with the thorax slightly wider than the abdomen and dorsal scales forming longitudinal stripes. C. Neoasterolepisma curtiseta Mendes, 1988, with a wide thorax, detaching from abdomen base, and yellowish scales. D. Lepismina sp., with short body, wide thorax but not markedly detaching from abdomen base, and hypognathous head, not visible dorsally. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 15 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 15. Scales on appendages of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability in shape and distribution pattern. A–B. Fan-shaped scales on antennae of Stylifera gigantea (Escherich, 1905), with light microscope (A) and with SEM (B). C. Tibial scales of Acrotelsella sp. from Australia, similar to those of the femur. D. Tibial scales of Stylifera gigantea from Venezuela. E–F. Scales on cerci of Ctenolepisma lineatum (Fabricius, 1775) (E) and Stylifera gigantea (F). Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.1 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm; C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 14 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 14. Body scales of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability. A. Dorsal scales of Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907, showing heterogeneity of sizes and spacing of ribs. B. Dorsal scales of Heterolepisma sclerophyllum Smith, 2014, showing more homogeneous scales with dense ribs. Scale bars indicated in the photographs: A = 10 μm; B = 100 μm.

Fig. 13 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 13. Ovipositor types in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Primary ovipositor of Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907, SEM photograph. B–C. Secondary ovipositor of Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., SEM photograph (B) and micrograph (C). Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B = 90 μm; C = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 12. Paramera of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Tubuliform paramere of Acrotelsa collaris (Fabricius, 1793). B. Big swollen paramere of Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758, larger than the inner process of coxite IX and with glandular area. C. Medium-sized to small paramere of Neoasterolepisma hespericum Molero-Baltanás, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart, 1997, with a small glandular area. D. Pseudoarticulated paramere with glandular area of Allacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905). E. Pseudoarticulated paramere of Visma brigalowsum Smith, Mitchell & Molero-Baltanás 2021. F. A detail of a similar pseudoarticulated paramere, of Visma bingara Smith, Mitchell & Molero-Baltanás 2021. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 11 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 11. Shape and chaetotaxy of the urotergite X (last abdominal tergite) of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability. A. Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., adapted from Wygodzinsky (1959a). B. Qantelsella louisae Smith, 2015, from Smith (2015). C. Stylifera gigantea (Escherich, 1905), from Irish (1988c). D. Acrotelsella parlevar Smith 2016, from Smith (2016b). E. Hemitelsella clarksonorum Smith, 2016, from Smith (2016b). F. Hemitelsella hortorum Smith & Mitchell, 2021, from Smith & Mitchell (2021). G. Thermobia vallaris Irish, 1988, from Irish (1988b). H. Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873), from Irish (1988b). I. Sceletolepisma sagartianum (Molero, Kahrarian & Gaju, 2016), from Kahrarian et al. (2016). J. Hyperlepisma patrizii Silvestri, 1932, from Silvestri (1932). K. Nebkhalepisma australe (Wygodzinsky, 1959), from Wygodzinsky (1959b). L. Hyperlepisma arabiense Irish, 1991, from Irish (1991). M. Ornatilepisma horni Irish, 1988, from Irish (1988a). N. Swalepisma mirabile Irish, 1988, from Irish & Mendes (1988). O. Sceletolepisma occidentale (Irish, 1987), from Irish (1987).

Fig. 10 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 10. Praetarsal claws in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, SEM photographs. A. Praetarsus of Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), showing lateral claws with smooth base and finely striated tegument. B. Pretarsal claw of Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., with microtrichia, and the empodium with striated tegument. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B = 50 μm.