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Fig. 12 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 12. Hexactinellid and demosponge spicules from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian, sample Kw−156, all × 38. A, B, E. Anchoring spicules of hexactinellids. C, D, F–H.?Dermal pentactines. I. Hexactine. J. Undetermined demosponge spicule. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 11 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 11. Demosponge (including lithistid) and hexactinelid spicules from Kowala Quarry, set H−2, late Frasnian, sample Ky−3. A, B. Strongyloxeas, × 70. C. Strongyl, × 70. D. Stauractin, × 54. E. Pentactine, × 36. F, J, M. Desmas (dendroclones) of antahspidellid lithistids, × 70. G. Tetraxon, × 70. H. Tetraxon, × 54. I. Hexactine, × 36. K, L. Fragments of astylospongiid lithistid skeleton, × 27 All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 10 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 10. Hexactinellid and lithistid spicules from Kowala Quarry, set H−2, late Frasnian. A, H, E. Hexactines (A × 43; H × 49; E × 75). B.?Stauractine, × 21. G. Dermal pentactine, × 64. I. fragments of fused skeleton of hexactinosan sponge, × 21. J. Fragment of fused skeleton of astylospongiid lithistid, × 32. C, D, F. dermal spicules (strongly modified pentatcines) of docodermatid hexactinellid. (D × 13; C × 15; F × 17). All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 8. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−4 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 8. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−4, early Famennian (Pa. crepida Zone), sample KM−1, all × 75. A–E. Haplentactinia aff. flagelifera. F. Polyentactinia cf. rudihispida. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 9 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 9. Entactiniid (A–F) and albaillellid (G, H) radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 75. A. Trilonche grandis. B. Stigmospherostylus crustescens. C–E. Trilonche guangxiensis. F. Polyentactinia tenera. G, H. Albaillella sp. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 7. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 7. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 75. A–C, E. Haplentactinia cf. rhinophyusa. D. Spongentactinella sp. F, G. Haplentactinia cf. inaudita. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 4. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 4. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 150 except J × 240. A–C. Astroentactinia stellaepolus. D. Stigmospherostylus diversita. E, G. Astroentactinia stellata. F. Astroentactinia cf. crassata. H. Stigmospherostylus cf. micula. I, J. Helioentactinia cf. perjucunda.

Fig. 3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 3. Radiolarian−spiculite facies, set H−3, Frasnian–Famennian boundary beds at Kowala quarry, Poland (see Figs. 1C, D and 2; Racki 1999: fig. 2). A. Field photo of a laminated (marginally−agraded) limestone bed with black bedded chert; arrowed is a lighter diagenetically unaffected band. B. Radiolarian−spiculite limestone packstone (sample Kw−154), with mostly incipiently neomorphozed micritic matrix and numerous pyrite aggregations in the upper part.

Fig. 2 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 2. Micropalaeontological characteristics of the upper Frasnian and Frasnian–Famennian passage at Kowala, based on the eastern quarry wall section + from 1991 (section Kw). The material obtained from marly−shaly samples, supplemented by few conodont samples and thin sections for the unit H−3. Productive radiolarian (R) and spicule (S) samples studied (see Fig. 3 and Table 2) are arrowed. 1, tentaculitoids; 2, entomozoids; 3, large−sized palynomorphs; 4, goniatites; 5, ichtyolithes; 6, palmatolepid conodonts; 7, polygnathid conodonts; 8, ramose conodont elements; 9, phyllocarid remains; 10, benthic ostracods; 11, nanicellid foraminiferans; 12, sponge spicules; 13, rhynchonellid brachiopods;14, chonetid brachiopods; 15, lingulids; 16, phosphatized burrow fills and pellets; 17, agglutinated foraminiferans; 18, icriodontid conodonts; 19, echinoderm remains; 20, ramose fossils (a, amphiporid stromatoporoids; b, others [fragmented?auloporids]); 21, sphaerical microfossils (?mostly calcispheroids).

Fig. 1. A, B in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 1. A, B. Location of the Kowala basin succession in Poland (A) and Holy Cross Mountains (B; see details in Racki 1993). C. Composite lithological section of the Late Devonian strata at Kowala (modified after Szulczewski 1996: fig. 8), the reference succession showing environmental evolution typical of intermittently drowned shelf from reef (units A–C) to slope (D–G) to intrashelf basin (H–L). Three sampled radiolarian−sponge intervals are arrowed. D. Sedimentary record of eustatic, anoxic and tectono−volcanic events around the Frasnian–Famennian boundary, with emphasis on selected biotic markers. Note blooms of siliceous biota, thought as promoted mostly by submarine exhalative volcanism paired with tectonically−driven shallowing, and a cooling pulse (see Racki 1999; Racki et al. 2002).

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Fig. 2 in Biotic factors are more important than abiotic factors in regulating the abundance of Plutella xylostella L., in Southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Abundance of Plutella xylostella on broccoli (A) and cauliflower crops (B) in the county of Colombo, Paraná State, Southern Brazil.

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Figure 1 in Positioning entomopathogenic nematodes for the future viticulture: exploring their use against biotic threats and as bioindicators of soil health

Figure 1. Example of the progression of authorized phytosanitary product usage in Spain against the most important diseases and pests of vineyards during the last decade. The size of each circle is proportional to the total number of phytosanitary authorized against each biotic threat.1

Fig. 7 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Fragments of Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823) shells resulting from the breakage along the surface defined by polychaete tubes.

Fig. 2 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Schematic stratigraphic sections of the studied fossil localities in Bajo de San Julián, Argentina (A) and Cerro Bautista, Uruguay (B), showing the Bouchardia−beds.

Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422, ventral valve of Bouchardia rosea showing the typical morphology of Caulostrepsis. Note the well−developed central ridge, and the straight morphology of the trace. B, C. Specimens DZP−18423 and 18424, respectively. Note that the galleries are roughly straight, and not enlarged at their distal extremities. The apertural groove (arrow) is well marked. D. Specimen DZP−18425, dorsal valve, showing multiple (arrows), straight traces. E, F. X−ray images of the specimens DZP−18426 and 18427, respectively. Note the straight morphology of unabraded tubes and the apertural groove (arrow) in the specimen DZP−18427. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Morphology of Caulostrepsis. A, B. Drawings of Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke, 1908 (A) and Caulostrepsis cretacea (Voigt, 1971) (B), respectively. C. Morphology of Caulostrepsis traces found in Bouchardia rosea shells. Note differences in the cross−sectional morphology between the traces reported here (C) and those documented previously (A, B).

Fig. 5 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Spionid polychaete Polydora sp. found in association with Bouchardia rosea shells, Ubatuba Bight, 10 and 20 m depth. Specimen DZP−18668. A, B. Anterior segments of Polydora showing the characteristic modified chaetae (arrows) in its 5th segment. C. Polydora hooks (arrow) from the median segments. D. Posterior segments of Polydora showing the flanged pygidium (arrow). Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. General shell morphology of bouchardiid brachiopods. A–C. Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823) from modern accumulations from the Ubatuba coast, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A. Specimen DZP−18669. B. Specimen DZP−18670. C. Specimen DZP−18671. D–F. Bouchardia transplatina Ihering, 1907 from the Cerro Bautista locality, the Camacho Formation, Late Miocene, Uruguay. D. Specimen FCDP−2305E. E. Specimen FCDP−2305G. F. Specimen FCDP−2305K. G–I. Bouchardia zitteli Ihering, 1897 from the Manantial Salado locality, the San Julian Formation, Late Oligocene, Argentina. G. Specimen IGC−DPE−855D. H. Specimen IGC−DPE−865H. I. Specimen IGC−DPE−865N. Scale bars 5 mm.

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Fig. 2 in Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on flea species population dynamics on Lasiopodomys brandtii

Fig. 2. Community structure of Lasiopodomys brandtii fleas by seasons. Three flea species were collected throughout the study meanwhile, Rhadinopsylla rothschildi was only detected in autumn. The top of each column indicates the number of samples for each season.

Fig. 7. Trace element environmental proxies for the F–F in The Frasnian-Famennian events in a deep-shelf succession, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records

Fig. 7. Trace element environmental proxies for the F–F transition in the Syv'yu River section. Bio−productivity tracers* are normalized according to Schmitzetal.(1997).DownwardarrowedtrendsarebasedonthesinglesampleCB99−222,located2.15mbelow;recognizedMo/Alenrichment,indicative of anoxic−sulfidic deposition, is shown as well. For explanations see Fig. 4.