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Fig. 13 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana
Fig. 13. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) gabianensis sp. nov.; middle–upper Katian (Ka2–4), Upper Ordovician; Gabian Formation, Montagne Noire, France. A. MPZ 2015/1387, holotype, latex cast of interior (A1), detail of cardinalia in anteroblique (A2) and posteroblique (A3) views, dorsal exterior (A4). B. MPZ 2015/1388, paratype, latex cast of interior (B1), detail of cardinalia in anteroblique (B2) and posteroblique (B3) views of a small specimen. C. VMN-1.22, paratype, latex cast of exterior. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 12 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana
Fig. 12. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) gabianensis sp. nov.; middle–upper Katian (Ka2–4), Upper Ordovician; Gabian Formation, Montagne Noire, France. A. MPZ 2015/1382, paratype, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) and exterior (A3). B. MPZ 2015/1383, paratype, internal mould (B1) and latex cast of exterior (B2) of a complete valve. C. MPZ 2015/1384, paratype, internal mould. D. MPZ 2015/1385, paratype, internal mould. E. MPZ 2015/1386, paratype, internal mould (E1) and latex cast of exterior (E2) of a small valve. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 16 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana
Fig. 16. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pomoides Havlíček, 1971; middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; Lower Ktaoua Formation, Morocco (A, B); Huerva Member of Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (C–E). A. MPZ_2003_833, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2), detail of cardinalia in anteroventral view (A3). B. MPZ_2003_843, latex cast of exterior. C. DPZ-356, latex cast of interior of a dorsal valve (C1), detail of cardinalia in anteroventral (C2) and posteroventral (C3) views. D. DPZ-354b, latex cast of exterior. E. DPZ-354b', internal mould (E1) and latex cast of interior (E2). Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 6 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana
Fig. 6. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Villasina) almadenensis (Villas, 1995); middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; "Bancos Mixtos" Formation at Almadén, Spanish Central Iberian Zone, Spain. A. MPZ 11570, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior (A1), posteroblique view (A2), showing details of cardinalia, dorsal exterior (A3) of a gerontic complete specimen. B. MPZ 11571, paratype, latex cast of dorsal interior of an incomplete specimen. C. MPZ 2015/1350, topotype, latex cast of dorsal interior of an incomplete specimen. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 15 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana
Fig. 15. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pomoides Havlíček, 1971; middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; Lower Ktaoua Formation (A) and Upper Tiouririne Formation (B), Morocco; Huerva Member of Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (C); Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal (D–F). A. MPZ_2003_832, ventral internal mould of a complete valve in upper (A1) and lateroblique (A2) views. B. MPZ 2015/1390, latex cast of ventral exterior of a ventral valve. C. DPZ-318 (ex-holotype of Rafinesquina lignani Villas, 1985), ventral internal mould (C1), latex cast of ventral interior (C2), detail of dental plates (C3), and lateral view (C4). D. IGM-2545A, ventral internal mould. E. IGM-2545B, latex cast of exterior. F. IGM-2945, internal mould. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 6 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 6. Gonambonitid brachiopod Antigonambonites planus (Pander, 1830) from the Volkhovian regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia; ontogenetic series of dorsal valves. A. PIN 4921/792, exterior of 2 mm wide valve (A1), ribs crossing the halo rings (A2). B. PIN 4921/905, interior of 2.7 mm wide valve. C. PIN 4921/793, umbone of 3.2 mm wide valve showing ribs crossing the halo rings. D. PIN 4921/902, exterior of 3.5 mm wide valve (D1), dorsal umbone (D2), valve interior (D3). E. PIN 4921/899, 4 mm wide valve in exterior view. F. PIN 4921/903, interior of broken 5.5 mm wide valve (F1), dorsal adductor scars (F2).
Fig. 5 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 5. Gonambonitid brachiopod Antigonambonites planus (Pander, 1830) from the Volkhovian regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia; ontogenetic series of ventral valves. A. PIN 4921/785, spondylium of 3 mm wide valve in exterior (A1), interior (A2), and inner (A3) views. B. PIN 4921/884, posterior view of 3 mm wide valve with sealed pedicle tube. C. PIN 4921/879, posterior view of 3.4 mm wide valve with open pedicle tube. D. PIN 4921/880, exterior view of 3.5 mm wide valve with sealed pedicle tube and ribs reaching the posterior margin. E. PIN 4921/882, 3.8 mm wide valve in posterior view (E1), upper margin of pedicle tube infilling the delthyrium apex (E2), general exterior view (E3). F. PIN 4921/885, posterior view of 4 mm wide valve with elongated remnant of pedicle opening. G. PIN 4921/885, posterior view of 4 mm wide valve with circular remnant of pedicle opening (G1), enlarged upper margin of apical disc (arrow) near ventral umbone (arrowhead) (G2). H. PIN 4921/805, interior of 8 mm wide valve (H1), spondylium supported by three septa (H2), for cell molds see Fig. 8A, exterior of ventral umbone with sealed apical disc and ribs reaching the umbone posterior margin (H3). I. PIN 4921/883, 4.4 mm wide complete shell in posterior view.
Fig. 2 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 2. Map of Northern Europe showing position of the studied section E 60.01053054594174, N 32.56286132296759 (asterisk) at the mouth of the Lynna River (Leningrad Region, Russia).
Fig. 1 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 1. Generalized stratigraphic column of the Middle Ordovician section from the western Leningrad Region (after Dronov 1997).
Fig. 8 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 8. Moulds of outer epithelial cells in gonambonitid brachiopods from the Volkhovian (A) and Kunda (B, C) regional stages, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia. A. Antigonambonites planus (Pander, 1830), PIN 4921/805, ventral valve with ridges of mantle canals system bearing cell molds (fragment of Fig. 5H2). B, C. Anchigonites conulus Öpik, 1939, dorsal adductor scars. B. PIN 4921/912, dorsal muscle field (B1), cell moulds covering adductor scars (B2–B4). C. PIN 4921/901, posterior wall of deeply impressed adductor scar with cell moulds.
Fig. 4 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 4. Gonambonitid brachiopod Anchigonites conulus Öpik, 1939 from the Kunda regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia; ontogenetic series of dorsal valves. A. PIN 4921/528, 2.2 mm wide valve in interior (A1) and exterior (A2) views, fragment of ornamentation (A3). B. PIN 4921/689, 2.8 mm wide valve in general view (B1), umbone (B2). C. PIN 4921/688, 3 mm wide valve in general view (C1), umbone (C2). D. PIN 4921/897, 3 mm wide valve interior (D1), cardinalium (D2). E. PIN 4921/913, 3.3 mm wide valve in posterior view (E1), incomplete chilidium (E2). F. PIN 4921/912, interior of 3.5 mm wide valve. G. PIN 4921/917, interior of 4 mm wide valve. H. PIN 4921/526, 5.6 mm wide valve showing strong vertical growth in anterior (H1) and general (H2) views. I. PIN 4921/182, interior of 6 mm wide broken valve. J. PIN 4921/907, adductor scars of 7 mm wide valve. K. PIN 4921/906, 7.4 mm wide valve in posterior (K1) and interior (K2) views, fragment of inner surface near anterior margin (K3), incomplete chilidium (K4).
Fig. 3 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 3. Gonambonitid brachiopod Anchigonites conulus Öpik, 1939 from the Kunda regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia, ontogenetic series of ventral valves. A. PIN 4921/798, 3.5 mm wide valve in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B. PIN 4921/891, 5 mm wide valve with sealed pedicle tube in interior view (B1), spondylium (B2), apical disc infilling the delthyrium apex (B3). C. PIN 4921/911, 4.2 mm wide valve in lateral (C1), ventral (C2), and posterior (C3) views. D. PIN 4921/908, 7 mm wide valve in general (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. PIN 4921/807, 5.5 mm wide valve in general view (E1), spondylium with rudiment lateral septa (E2). F. PIN 4921/895, 8.3 mm wide valve in general (F1) and lateral (F2) views. G. PIN 4921/913, broken apical disc with imprint of the substrate, general view (G1), enlarged surface of the attachment region (G2).
Fig. 7 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia
Fig. 7. Latex casts of the gonambonitid brachiopod Anchigonites heintzi Öpik, 1939 from the Kunda regional stage, Middle Ordovician of Krekling, Norway. A. GIT 801-3, ventral valve. B. GIT 801-7, dorsal valve. Casts prepared by Madis Rubel (University of Tartu, Geology Department, Estonia).
Fig. 3 in Thomasaria vs. Pyramidalia conundrum in Devonian brachiopod systematics solved: An argument to formalize epitypification under the ICZN
Fig. 3. Transverse serial sections of spiriferide brachiopod Thomasaria simplex (Phillips, 1841) through shell NHMUK PI B 2807 (topotype) from the Givetian of Wolborough, England, UK. Sections through ventral (A) and dorsal (B) valves. The schematic drawings on the left of each section describe the direction of sectioning (see text). Distances measured in millimetres from the tip of the ventral and dorsal umbos, respectively. Gray areas denote local silicification.
Fig. 2 in Thomasaria vs. Pyramidalia conundrum in Devonian brachiopod systematics solved: An argument to formalize epitypification under the ICZN
Fig. 2. Spiriferide brachiopod Thomasaria simplex (Phillips, 1841) from the Middle Devonian of south-western England, UK (type region). A–C. Articulated shells (TCD 16991c, A; TCD 16991b, B; TCD 16991a, C) from Port Stephens, in dorsal (A1–C1), ventral (A2–C2), lateral (A3–C3), anterior (A4–C4), and posterior (A5–C5) views. D. Lectotype, articulated shell GSM 6915 from Wolborough, in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), anterior (D4), and posterior (D5) views. Reproduced with the permission of the British Geological Survey ©UKRI. All rights reserved. E. Topotype, articulated shell NHMUK PI B 2807 (specimen serially sectioned, see Fig. 3) from Wolborough, in dorsal (E1), ventral (E2), lateral (E3), anterior (E4), and posterior (E5) views, enlargement (SEM micrograph) of the secondary shell layer showing impunctate condition (E6). F. Articulated shell TCD 16991d from Port Stephens, fragmentary posterior view showing the delthyrium partially closed by a convex pseudodeltidium.
Fig. 1. A in Thomasaria vs. Pyramidalia conundrum in Devonian brachiopod systematics solved: An argument to formalize epitypification under the ICZN
Fig. 1. A. Geographical location of the study area in north-western Europe. B. Geological map of eastern Cornwall and southern Devon (Devonian after House and Selwood 1966, otherwise simplified and modified after British Geological Survey 1957). Black asterisks show fossil localities mentioned in the text. The white asterisk shows the presumed position of "Port Stephens" (see text for further explanation).
Fig. 14. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A. Meristina bilobata Modzalevskaya, 1980 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 14. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A. Meristina bilobata Modzalevskaya, 1980, ZPAL Bp 71/24, shell in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views; Demshyn beds, sample D2. B. Meristina incrassata Modzalevskaya, 1980, ZPAL Bp 71/25, shell in dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views; Maryanivka beds, sample M1. C. Meristina podolica (Nikiforova, 1954), ZPAL Bp 71/26, shell in dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views; upper part of the Restiv beds. D. Glassia elongata Davidson, 1881, ZPAL Bp 71/27, shell in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views; Restiv beds, 0.8 m above sample R−1. E. Howellella globosa Tsegelnyuk, 1976, ZPAL Bp 71/28, in dorsal (E1), ventral (E2), lateral (E3), posterior (E4), and anterior (E5) views; lower part of the Maryanivka beds. F. Eospirifer radiatus (Sowerby, 1834), ZPAL Bp 71/29, slightly incomplete shell in dorsal (F1), ventral (F2), lateral (F3), posterior (F4), and anterior (F5) views; Demshyn beds. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 13. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 13. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A. Plagiorhycha depressa (Sowerby, 1839), ZPAL Bp 71/16, shell in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views; Restiv beds, sample R1. B, C. Atrypina barrandii (Davidson, 1848), ZPAL Bp 71/17 (B), ZPAL Bp 71/18 (C), two shells in dorsal (B1, C1), ventral (B2, C2), lateral (B3, C3), posterior (B4, C4), and anterior (B5, C5) views; upper part of the Restiv beds (B) and upper part of the Demshyn beds (C). D. Plectatrypa imbricata (Sowerby, 1839), ZPAL Bp 71/19, shell in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views; Demshyn beds, sample D1. E. Oglupes sp., ZPAL Bp 71/20, shell with partially preserved frills in ventral view; Restiv beds, sample R2. F. Sphaerirhynchia aff. wilsoni (Sowerby, 1816), ZPAL Bp 71/21, complete shell in dorsal (F1), ventral (F2), lateral (F3), posterior (F4), and anterior (F5) views; Demshyn beds. G. Antirhynchonella linguifera (Sowerby, 1839), ZPAL Bp 71/22, large shell in dorsal (G1), ventral (G2), lateral (G3), posterior (G4), and anterior (G5) views; lower part of the Maryanivka beds. H. Atrypa sp., ZPAL Bp 71/23, shell in dorsal (H1), ventral (H2), lateral (H3), posterior (H4), and anterior (H5) views; Demshyn beds. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 20 in The brachiopod succession through the Silurian-Devonian boundary beds at Dnistrove, Podolia, Ukraine
Fig. 20. Spiriferide brachiopods from the Silurian–Devonian boundary beds at Dnistrove (Podolia, Ukraine). A. Howellella (Howellella) latisinuata Kozłowski, 1929; shell ZPAL Bp. 56/26 in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views. B, C. Cyrtina praecedens Kozłowski, 1929. B. Slightly damaged shell ZPAL Bp. 56/37 in dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views. C. Incomplete ventral valve ZPAL Bp. 56/36 in ventral (C1) and posterior (C2) views. Dnistrove, beds 47–48. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 17 in The brachiopod succession through the Silurian-Devonian boundary beds at Dnistrove, Podolia, Ukraine
Fig. 17. Transverse serial sections through shell of Pseudoprotathyris infantilis (Kozłowski, 1929). ZPAL Bp. 56/186a. Numbers refer to distance in mm from ventral umbo. Dnistrove, bed −4.
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