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Patch quality and genotype-by-environment interactions shape dispersal and post-settlement survival in a butterfly metapopulation
Active dispersal is driven by extrinsic and intrinsic factors at the three stages of departure, transfer, and settlement. Most empirical studies capture only one stage of this complex process, and knowledge of how much can be generalized from one stage to another remains unknown. Here we use genetic assignment tests to reconstruct dispersal across five years and 232 patches of a butterfly metapopulation. We link individual dispersal events to weather, landscape structure, size and quality of patches, and individual genotype to identify the factors that influence the three stages of dispersal and post-settlement survival. We found that nearly all tested factors strongly affected departure probabilities, but that the same factors explained very little variation in realized dispersal distances. Surprisingly, we found no effect of dispersal distance on post-settlement survival. Rather, survival was influenced by weather conditions, carry-over effects of natal patch quality, and a strong interaction between genotype and occupancy status of the settled patch, with more mobile genotypes having higher survival as colonists rather than as immigrants. Our work highlights the multicausality of dispersal and that some dispersal costs can only be understood by considering extrinsic and intrinsic factors and their interaction across the entire dispersal process.
Multi-surveyor capture-mark-recapture as a powerful tool for butterfly population monitoring in the pre-imaginal stage
<p>For many elusive insect species, which are difficult to cover by standard monitoring schemes, innovative survey methods are needed to gain robust data on abundance and population trends. The recording of pre-imaginal butterfly life stages provides great potential for ecological studies and conservation monitoring. However, using counts of pre-imaginal stages for quantitative research requires detection probability to be determined.</p> <p>We tested different removal and capture-mark-recapture (CMR) approaches to determine the detection probability for overwintering larvae of the endangered nymphalid butterfly <em>Limenitis reducta</em>. Classical removal and CMR studies require movement of the organisms under study but in our approach, we replaced movement of the study organisms by random movement of multiple different surveyors. The study was conducted in three plots within a spruce clear-cut in the 'Alb-Donau' region, Germany.</p> <p>Our dataset provides detection data of nine/ten different surveyors per study plot. The surveyors differed in their experience ('experts' vs. 'novices'). In the R-scripts we present the analysis of the data using i) the removal method, ii) CMR approaches with varying personnel expenditure. In addition, we test the validity of our method by comparing observed and simulated detection frequencies.</p> <p>The results of our study indicate that multi-surveyor removal/CMR techniques are highly suitable for estimating abundance of overwintering L. reducta larvae and that the proposed methodology has several strengths: long survey period, estimates of the absolute population size accompanied by uncertainty measures, estimates of overwinter mortality. The methods from our study can be adapted and used for several different butterfly species, other insect taxa with specific immobile life-stages, and some sessile organisms, e.g. elusive plants, fungi, or corals.</p>
Environmental controls on butterfly occurrence and species richness in Israel: The importance of temperature over rainfall
<p>Aim Butterflies are considered important indicators representing the state of biodiversity and key ecosystem functions, but their use as bioindicators requires better understanding of how their observed response link to environmental factors. Moreover, better understanding how butterfly faunas vary with climate and land cover may be useful to estimate the potential impacts of various drivers, including climate change, botanical succession, grazing, and afforestation. It is particularly important to establish which species of butterflies are sensitive to each environmental driver. Location Israel, including the West Bank and Golan Heights. Methods To develop a robust and systematic approach for identifying how butterfly faunas vary with the environment, we analysed the occurrence of 73 species and the abundance of 24 species from Israeli Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS-IL) data. We used Regional Generalised Additive Models to quantify butterfly abundance, and generalised linear latent variable models and generalised linear models to quantify the impact of temperature, rainfall, soil type, and habitat on individual species and on the species community. Results Species richness was higher along cooler transects, and also for hilly and mountainous transects in the Mediterranean region (rendzina and Terra Rossa soils) compared with the coastal plain (Hamra soil) and semi-arid northern Jordan Vale (loessial serozem soil). Species occurrence was better explained by temperature (negative correlation) than precipitation, while for abundance the opposite pattern was found. Soil type and habitat were insignificant drivers of occurrence and abundance. Conclusions Butterfly faunas responded very strongly to temperature, even when accounting for other environmental factors. We expect that some butterfly species will disappear from marginal sites with global warming, and a large proportion will become rarer as the region becomes increasingly arid.</p>
Data from: Local adaptation to seasonal cues at the fronts of two parallel, climate-induced butterfly range expansions
<p>Climate change allows species to expand polewards, but non-changing environmental features may limit expansions. Daylength is unaffected by climate and drives life cycle timing in many animals and plants. Because daylength varies over latitudes, poleward-expanding populations must adapt to new daylength conditions. We studied local adaptation to daylength in the butterfly <em>Lasiommata megera</em>, which is expanding northwards along several routes in Europe. Using common garden laboratory experiments with controlled daylengths, we compared diapause induction between populations from the southern-Swedish core range and recently established marginal populations from two independent expansion fronts in Sweden. Caterpillars from the northern populations entered diapause in clearly longer daylengths than those from southern populations, with the exception of caterpillars from one geographically isolated population. The northern populations have repeatedly and rapidly adapted to their local daylengths, indicating that the common use of daylength as seasonal cue need not strongly limit climate-induced insect range expansions.</p>
Alpine butterflies want to fly high: Species and communities shift upwards faster than their host plants
<p>Despite sometimes strong co-dependencies of insect herbivores and plants, responses of individual taxa to accelerating climate change are typically studied in isolation. Thereby, biotic interactions that potentially limit species in tracking their preferred climatic niches are ignored. Here, we chose butterflies as a prominent representative of herbivorous insects to investigate the impacts of temperature changes and their larval host plant distributions along a 1.4 km elevational gradient in the German Alps. Following a sampling protocol of 2009, we re-visited 33 grassland plots in 2019 over an entire growing season. We quantified changes in butterfly abundance and richness by repeated transect walks on each plot and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of locally assessed temperature, site management, and larval and adult food resource availability on these patterns. Additionally, we determined elevational range shifts of butterflies and host plants at both the community and species level. Comparing the two sampled years (2009, 2019), we found a severe decline in butterfly abundance and a clear upward shift of butterflies along the elevational gradient. We detected shifts in the peak of species richness, community composition and at the species level, whereby mountainous species shifted particularly strongly. In contrast, host plants showed barely any change, neither concerning species richness, nor individual species shifts. Further, temperature and host plant richness were the main drivers of butterfly richness, with change in temperature explaining best the change of richness over time. We conclude that host plants are not yet hindering butterfly species and communities from shifting upwards. However, the mismatch between butterfly and host plant shifts might become a problem for this very close plant-herbivore relationship, especially towards higher elevations, if butterflies fail to adapt to new host plants. Further, our results support the value of conserving traditional extensive pasture use as a promoter of host plants and thereby butterfly richness.</p>
TuringREGConnectionsWorkshop_Butterflies
<p>Images of butterflies, suitable for computer vision classification task. Collated by Gerald Piosenka for Kaggle challenge, published under CC0: public domain license.</p>
Figure 3 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 3. Mounted specimens illustrating the species of Microgastrinae recovered in this study. A, Cotesia glabrata Telenga ex Carcharodus alceae, Italy. Adult plus cocoons. Gregarious parasitoid; brood sizes vary considerably, host usually well grown or prepupal when killed. The other Cotesia species (near glabrata) look similar and behave in the same way. B, Dolichogenidea sp. near sicaria Marshall, ex Carcharodus alceae, Spain. Adult plus cocoon. Solitary parasitoid, killing the host while still quite young. C, Microgaster australis Thomson, ex Muschampia stauderi, Greece. Adult plus cocoon. Solitary parasitoid, usually killing the host as a prepupa. D, Microgaster nobilis Reinhard, ex Carcharodus alceae, Spain. Adult plus cocoon. Solitary parasitoid, usually killing the host as a prepupa. All specimens are in the collection of the National Museums of Scotland.
Figure 4 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 4. Interaction matrices showing the recorded interactions of Hesperiidae and their hostplants (A), Hesperiidae and their parasitoids (B) and parasitoids and hostplants of Hesperiidae (C). White squares indicate recorded interactions between the taxa in the corresponding row and column, while blue squares indicate lack of interaction.
Figure 2 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 2. Circular cladogram showing ecological interactions among European and North African Hesperiidae, their hostplants, and their microgastrine parasitoids, recovered through DNA barcoding for Hesperiidae and/or parasitoids. Hesperiid, parasitoid and plant cladograms are coloured in orange, blue and green, respectively. Lines representing interactions with parasitoids are coloured in blue, while lines involving hostplant interactions are coloured in green.
Figure 1 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 1. Representation of the study system. Hesperiid larvae feeding on their hostplants can be attacked by a number of parasitoids, which can in turn be attacked by various hyperparasitoids. A, Spialia rosae on its hostplant Rosa sicula. B, third instar larva of Sp. rosae on a silk shelter. C, Microgaster australis parasitizing an L3 Sp. rosae larva. D, Gelis sp. parasitizing M. australis on its cocoon after emerging from the Sp. rosae larva. Drawings by Martí Franch.
Figure 5 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 5. Photographic records of: 37. Jamides elpis pseudelpis. 38. Lestranicus transpectus. 39. Nacaduba beroe gythion. 40-41. Ticherra acte acte. 42. Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas. 43. Creon cleobis cleobis. 44. Dacalana penicilligera. 45-46. Pratapa deva lila. 47. Mota massyla. 48. Mimathyma ambica ambica. / Registros fotográficos de: 37. Jamides elpis pseudelpis. 38. Lestranicus transpectus. 39. Nacaduba beroe gythion. 40-41. Ticherra acte acte. 42. Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas. 43. Creon cleobis cleobis. 44. Dacalana penicilligera. 45-46. Pratapa deva lila. 47. Mota massyla. 48. Mimathyma ambica ambica.
Selection drives divergence of eye morphology in sympatric Heliconius butterflies
<p>When populations experience different sensory conditions, natural selection may favor sensory system divergence, affecting peripheral structures and/or downstream neural pathways. We characterized the outer eye morphology of sympatric <em>Heliconius</em> species from different forest types and their first-generation reciprocal hybrids to test for adaptive visual system divergence and hybrid disruption. In Panama, <em>Heliconius cydno </em>occurs in closed forests, whereas <em>Heliconius melpomene </em>resides at the forest edge. Among wild individuals, <em>H. cydno</em> has larger eyes than <em>H. melpomene</em>, and there are heritable, habitat-associated differences in the visual brain structures that exceed neutral divergence expectations. Notably, hybrids have intermediate neural phenotypes, suggesting disruption. To test for similar effects in the visual periphery, we reared both species and their hybrids in common garden conditions. We confirm that <em>H. cydno</em> has larger eyes and provide new evidence that this is driven by selection. Hybrid eye morphology is more <em>H. melpomene</em>-like despite body size being intermediate, contrasting with neural trait intermediacy. Overall, our results suggest that eye morphology differences between <em>H. cydno</em> and <em>H. melpomene</em> are adaptive, and that hybrids may suffer fitness costs due to a mismatch between the peripheral visual structures and previously described neural traits that could affect visual performance.</p>
Рис. 3. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, самец; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, самка; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, самец; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, самка; 6 — Damora sagana, самец; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (сΛева) и Erebia ajanensis (справа), самцы; 8 — Erebia wanga, самец Fig. 3. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, males; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, female; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, male; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, female; 6 — Damora sagana, male; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (left) and Erebia ajanensis (right), males; 8 — Erebia wanga, male in Hesperioidea And Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) Of Coniferous Forests From The Nature Reserve Botchinskii
Рис. 3. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, самец; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, самка; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, самец; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, самка; 6 — Damora sagana, самец; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (сΛева) и Erebia ajanensis (справа), самцы; 8 — Erebia wanga, самец Fig. 3. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, males; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, female; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, male; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, female; 6 — Damora sagana, male; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (left) and Erebia ajanensis (right), males; 8 — Erebia wanga, male
Рис. 2. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, самец; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, самец; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, самец; 4 — Pieris melete, самец; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, самец; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, самец; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, самцы; 8 — Neptis andetria, самка Fig. 2. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, male; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, male; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, male; 4 — Pieris melete, male; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, male; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, male; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, males; 8 — Neptis andetria, female in Hesperioidea And Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) Of Coniferous Forests From The Nature Reserve Botchinskii
Рис. 2. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, самец; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, самец; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, самец; 4 — Pieris melete, самец; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, самец; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, самец; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, самцы; 8 — Neptis andetria, самка Fig. 2. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, male; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, male; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, male; 4 — Pieris melete, male; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, male; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, male; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, males; 8 — Neptis andetria, female
Figure 1 in Conservation Note on the Status of the Rare Endemic Marquesan Snout Butterfly, Libythea collenettei
Figure 1. Habitus of the Marquesan snout butterfly, Libythea collenettei, known as "Papillon à museau des Marquises" and its putative host plant, Celtis pacifica. Upper photo: dorsal view of L. collenettei Holotype, lower photo: ventral view of L. collenettei Holotype.
Figure 3 in Conservation Note on the Status of the Rare Endemic Marquesan Snout Butterfly, Libythea collenettei
Figure 3. Images of the Marquesas Islands, close to localities where L. collenettei has been previously found. A. Nuku Hiva, partially preserved ecosystem near Mount Tekao. B–D. Nuku Hiva, Toovii Plateau with extensive Caribbean pine forests, feral horses, and intensive grazing damages the native ecosystem. E. Nuku Hiva, view of Ho'oumi Bay (type locality) now covered by coconut tree plantations. F. Hiva Oa, Mount Temetiu cloud forest where endangered endemic invertebrates can still be found. G. Ua Pou, site where L. collenettei was found in 2001 in front of Mount Pouhekaei. H. Ua Pou, west side of Hakahetau Valley along "La Traversière" trail with some remaining endemic vegetation. Photograph credit: Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint.
Fig. 1 in On The Limit Of Altitudinal Range Shifts - Population Genetics Of Relict Butterfly Populations
Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining tree based on genetic distances (CAVALLI-SFORZA & EDWARDS 1967) performed on five microsatellite loci, representing the analysed populations of Scandinavia, Finland, eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Romania) and the Vosges. Genetic distances are projected on a map. Solid lines display the genetic distance, arrows show the locations of the sampling sites. Data
Fig. 2 in On The Limit Of Altitudinal Range Shifts - Population Genetics Of Relict Butterfly Populations
Fig. 2. Allele frequency distributions of L. helle populations of the Pyrenees and the western low-altitude mountains (Massif Central, Vosges, Ardennes). The colours in the pie charts indicate the distribution of alleles (white: occurring in several mountain areas, black: exclusive to a single mountain area, grey: exclusively occurring in the respective population). Data taken from FINGER et al. (2009)
Mate preferences act independently on different elements of visual signals in Heliconius butterflies
<p>Mating cues are often comprised of several elements, which can act independently, or in concert to attract a suitable partner. Individual elements may also function in other contexts, such as predator defence or camouflage. In <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies, wing patterns comprise several individual colour pattern elements, which advertise the butterflies' toxicity to predators. These wing patterns are also mating cues and males predominantly court females that possess the same wing pattern as their own. However, it is not known whether male preference is based on the full wing pattern or only individual pattern elements. We compared preferences of male <em>H. erato lativitta</em> between female models with the full wing pattern and those with some pattern elements removed. We found no differences in preference between the full wing pattern model and a model with pattern elements removed, indicating that the complete composition of all elements is not essential to the mating signal. Wing pattern preferences also contribute to pre-mating isolation between two other Heliconius taxa, <em>H. erato cyrbia</em> and <em>H. himera</em>, therefore, we next compared preferences for the same models in these species. <em>H. erato cyrbia</em> and <em>H. himera</em> strongly differed in preferences for the models, potentially providing a mechanism for how pre-mating isolation acts between these species. These findings suggest that contrasting levels of selective constraint act on elements across the wing pattern.</p>
Figure 3 in Endangered White-spotted Ketsi Blue butterfly, Lepidochrysops ketsi leucomacula, in KwaZulu-Natal
Figure 3. White-spotted Ketsi Blue butterflies, Lepidochrysops ketsi leucomacula, nectaring at various plant species with pink flowers. A, Alepidea sp.; B, Ophrestia oblongifolia (E.Mey.) H.M.L.Forbes; C, Tephrosia cf. grandiflora (Aiton) Pers. (Photos by the authors.)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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