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FIG. 9 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 9. — Seraphs sopitus (Solander in Brander, 1766) under UV light: A-D, MNHN A28884, Saint-Witz (Le Guépelle), Val d'Oise, France, Bartonian; A, dorsal view; B, labral view; C, D, detailed views of the dots; E-H, MNHN A27526, Saint-Witz (Le Guépelle), Bartonian; E, dorsal view; F, abapertural view; G, H, detailed views of the dots; I-K, MNHN A28778, Le Limon, Seine-et-Marne, France, Bartonian; I, dorsal view; J, detailed view of the dots; K, abapertural view. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, I, K, 10 mm; C, D, J, 2 mm; G, H, 5 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

FIG. 8 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 8. — Oldest known specimens of Seraphs volutatus (Solander in Brander, 1766) under UV light: A-D, MNHN A30419, Sapicourt, Marne, France, Ypresian (Cuisian); A, dorsal view; B, C, detailed view of the dots; D, labral view; E, F, MNHN A30420, Sapicourt, Ypresian (Cuisian); E, dorsal view; F, labral view. Scale bars: A, D, E, F, 5 mm; B, C, 2 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda (MNHN).

FIG. 7 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 7. — Seraphs volutatus (Solander in Brander, 1766) under UV light: A, B, G, MNHN A28873, Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; G, detailed view of the dots; C, D, MNHN A28876, Grignon, Lutetian; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, F, MNHN A28875 (Valenciennes coll.), Fontenay-en-Vexin, Eure, France, Lutetian; E, ventral view; F, dorsal view; H, I, MNHN A28874, Grignon, Lutetian; H, ventral view; I, dorsal view. Scale bars: A-F, H, I, 10 mm; G, 5 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda (MNHN).

FIG. 4 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 4. — Descriptive terminology of the residual colour patterns of the Seraphsidae Jung, 1974: A, paratype of Seraphs peterjungi n. sp. (apical part), MNHN A28931 (leg. Pacaud), Chaussy (Les Garennes), Val d'Oise, France, Lutetian; B, Paraseraphs tetanus Jung, 1974 (apical part), MNHN A28958 (Faullummel coll.), Saint-Gobain, Aisne, France, Ypresian (Cuisian); C, Terebellum terebellum (Linnaeus, 1758) (median part), MNHN IM, Atoll de Surprise, New Caledonia, Recent; D, Paraseraphs tetanus (median part), MNHN A28943, Cuise-Lamotte (Butte-des-Usages), Oise, France, Ypresian (Cuisian); A, B, D, under UV light; C, in normal light. Abbreviations: asg, axial segment; ast, axial stripes; sl, spiral line; srd, spiral row of dots. Scale bars: 5 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda (MNHN).

FIG. 1 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 1. — Variability of the extant species Terebellum terebellum (Linnaeus, 1758) in dorsal view and normal light: A, T. terebellum form delicatum Kuroda & Kawamoto, 1961, MNHN IM, Segond Channel, Santo, Vanuatu; B, H, I, T. terebellum form punctulorum (RÖding, 1798); C-G, T. terebellum form lineatum (RÖding, 1798); B, MNHN IM, Grand Récif Sud, New Caledonia; C, MNHN IM, Lagon Nord, New Caledonia; D, MNHN IM, unknown locality; E, MNHN IM, New Caledonia; F, MNHN IM, Grand Récif Sud, New Caledonia; G, MNHN IM, Atoll de Surprise, New Caledonia; H, MNHN IM, Grand Récif Sud, New Caledonia; I, MNHN IM, Grand Récif Sud, New Caledonia. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda (MNHN).

FIG. 5 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 5. — Comparison between the colour patterns of fossil and Recent Seraphsidae Jung, 1974: A-C, Seraphs volutatus (Solander in Brander, 1766), MNHN A28873, Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, detailed view of the dots; D, E, Terebellum terebellum (Linnaeus, 1758), MNHN IM, Baie des Citrons, Nouméa, New Caledonia, Recent; D, dorsal view; E, detailed view of the dots; F, G, Paraseraphs placitus Jung, 1974, MNHN A29168 (leg. Pacaud), Chaussy, Val d'Oise, France, Lutetian; F, dorsal view; G, detailed view of the dots; A-C, F, G, under UV light in negative view; D, E, in normal light. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, 10 mm; C, G, 2 mm; E, 5 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda (MNHN).

FIG. 6 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 6. — Seraphs Montfort, 1810 shells in normal light: A-E, S. volutatus (Solander in Brander, 1766); A-C, MNHN A28776 (ex Galerie de Zoologie coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian; A, ventral view; B, labral view; C, dorsal view; D, E, lectotype of Terebellum convolutum Lamarck, 1802, MNHN B70325 (Lamarck coll.), Grignon, Lutetian; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view; F, G, S. sopitus (Solan- der in Brander, 1766), MNHN A28778 (Faullummel coll.), Le Limon, Seine-et-Marne, France, Bartonian; F, ventral view; G, labral view; H-J, S. olivaceus (Cossmann, 1889); H, I, MNHN A28577 (Ledon coll.), Chaussy (Les Garennes), Val d'Oise, France, Lutetian; H, ventral view; I, dorsal view; J, MNHN A29225, labral view (Ledon coll.), Chaussy (Les Garennes), Lutetian. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda (MNHN).

FIG. 3 in First Systematic Study using the Variability of the Residual Colour Patterns: The Case of the Paleogene Seraphsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Stromboidea)

FIG. 3. — Descriptive terminology of the residual colour patterns of the Seraphsidae Jung, 1974: A, B, Paraseraphs placitus Jung, 1974, MNHN A28963 (Ballot coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian; A, apical part; B, detailed view of the dots; C, D, Seraphs volutatus (Solander in Brander, 1766), MNHN A28873, Grignon, Lutetian; C, apical part; D, detailed view of the dots; E, S. chilophorus (Cossmann, 1889), MNHN A28922 (leg. Pacaud), Fercourt, Oise, France, Lutetian (apical part). Abbreviations: coad, coalescence of dots; d, dot; ds, darker spot; ls, lighter spot; p, patch. All pictures taken under UV light. Scale bars: A, C, E, 5 mm; B, D, 2 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda (MNHN).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2004View details →

Figures 7–14. Fore wings, showing colour patterns. 7 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figures 7–14. Fore wings, showing colour patterns. 7, Rhynchophion flammipennis, normal form. 8, Rhynchophion flammipennis, dark form. 9, Thyreodon rufothorax. 10, T. atriventris. 11. T. maculipennis. 12. T. walkerae. 13. T. zitaniae. 14. T. papei.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Pattern variation is linked to anti-predator colouration in butterfly larvae

<p>Prey animals typically try to avoid being detected and/or advertise to would-be predators that they should be avoided. Both anti-predator strategies primarily rely on colour to succeed, but the specific patterning used is also important. While the role of patterning in camouflage is relatively clear, the design features of aposematic patterns are less well understood. Here, we use a comparative approach to investigate how pattern use varies across a phylogeny of 268 species of cryptic and aposematic butterfly larvae, which also vary in social behaviour. We find that longitudinal stripes are used more frequently by cryptic larvae and that patterns putatively linked to crypsis are more likely to be used by solitary larvae. In contrast, aposematic larvae are more likely to use horizontal bands and spots, but we find no differences in the use of individual pattern elements between solitary and gregarious aposematic species. However, solitary aposematic larvae are more likely to display multiple pattern elements, whereas those with no pattern are more likely to be gregarious. Our study advances our understanding of how pattern variation, colouration and social behaviour co-vary across lepidopteran larvae, and highlights new questions about how patterning affects larval detectability and predator responses to aposematic prey.</p>

Рис. 26. Сравнение среΑних значений частоты изменчивости эΛементов рисунка и инΑекса пигментации Mesobuthus eupeus в посеΛениях из разнотипных (А) и оΑнотипных (В) биотопов в кажΑой из выборок: I – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан; II – Северо-Восточный Гобустан; III – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан; IV – Юго-Восточный Гобустан; V – Юго-Восточный Ширван. ИнΑекс корреΛяции r в преΑеΛах 0.744–0.989; p <0.05. Fig. 26. Comparison of the average values of the frequency of variability of pattern elements and the pigmentation index of Mesobuthus eupeus in conglomerations from habitats of different types (A) and of the same type (B) in each sample: I – northwestern Gobustan; II – northeastern Gobustan; III – central Gobustan; IV – southeastern Gobustan; V – southeastern Shirvan. Correlation index r = 0.744–0.989; p <0.05. in Materials on the colour pattern variability of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in southeastern Shirvan and Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)

Рис. 26. Сравнение среΑних значений частоты изменчивости эΛементов рисунка и инΑекса пигментации Mesobuthus eupeus в посеΛениях из разнотипных (А) и оΑнотипных (В) биотопов в кажΑой из выборок: I – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан; II – Северо-Восточный Гобустан; III – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан; IV – Юго-Восточный Гобустан; V – Юго-Восточный Ширван. ИнΑекс корреΛяции r в преΑеΛах 0.744–0.989; p <0.05. Fig. 26. Comparison of the average values of the frequency of variability of pattern elements and the pigmentation index of Mesobuthus eupeus in conglomerations from habitats of different types (A) and of the same type (B) in each sample: I – northwestern Gobustan; II – northeastern Gobustan; III – central Gobustan; IV – southeastern Gobustan; V – southeastern Shirvan. Correlation index r = 0.744–0.989; p <0.05.

Рис. 1. Район иссΛеΑования: 1 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан; 2 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан; 3 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан; 4 – Юго- Восточный Гобустан; 5 – Юго-Восточный Ширван. Fig. 1. Study area: 1 – northwestern Gobustan; 2 – northeastern Gobustan; 3 – central Gobustan; 4 – southeastern Gobustan; 5 – southeastern Shirvan. in Materials on the colour pattern variability of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in southeastern Shirvan and Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)

Рис. 1. Район иссΛеΑования: 1 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан; 2 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан; 3 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан; 4 – Юго- Восточный Гобустан; 5 – Юго-Восточный Ширван. Fig. 1. Study area: 1 – northwestern Gobustan; 2 – northeastern Gobustan; 3 – central Gobustan; 4 – southeastern Gobustan; 5 – southeastern Shirvan.

Рис. 2. Основные части теΛа и эΛементы окраски Mesobuthus eupeus: I – просома; II – мезосома; III – метасома; a – меΑиаΛьная поΛоса; b – парамеΑиаΛьная поΛоса; с – маргинаΛьная поΛоса; d – поперечная поΛоса; e – пятна. Fig. 2. Main body parts and colour pattern elements of Mesobuthus eupeus: I – prosoma; II – mesosome; III – metasoma; a – medial stripe; b – paramedical stripe; с – marginal stripe; d – transverse stripe; e – spots. in Materials on the colour pattern variability of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in southeastern Shirvan and Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)

Рис. 2. Основные части теΛа и эΛементы окраски Mesobuthus eupeus: I – просома; II – мезосома; III – метасома; a – меΑиаΛьная поΛоса; b – парамеΑиаΛьная поΛоса; с – маргинаΛьная поΛоса; d – поперечная поΛоса; e – пятна. Fig. 2. Main body parts and colour pattern elements of Mesobuthus eupeus: I – prosoma; II – mesosome; III – metasoma; a – medial stripe; b – paramedical stripe; с – marginal stripe; d – transverse stripe; e – spots.

Рис. 3–20. Варианты окраски Mesobuthus eupeus. 3–7 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан; 8–10 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан; 11–14 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан; 15–17 – Юго-Восточный Гобустан; 18–20 – Юго-Восточный Ширван. Figs 3–20. Colour pattern variation in Mesobuthus eupeus. 3–7 – northwestern Gobustan; 8–10 – northeastern Gobustan; 11–14 – central Gobustan; 15–17 – southeastern Gobustan; 18–20 – southeastern Shirvan. in Materials on the colour pattern variability of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in southeastern Shirvan and Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)

Рис. 3–20. Варианты окраски Mesobuthus eupeus. 3–7 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан; 8–10 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан; 11–14 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан; 15–17 – Юго-Восточный Гобустан; 18–20 – Юго-Восточный Ширван. Figs 3–20. Colour pattern variation in Mesobuthus eupeus. 3–7 – northwestern Gobustan; 8–10 – northeastern Gobustan; 11–14 – central Gobustan; 15–17 – southeastern Gobustan; 18–20 – southeastern Shirvan.

Рис. 21–25. Частота изменчивости основных эΛементов рисунка (меΑиаΛьной, парамеΑиаΛьных и маргинаΛьных поΛос) ΑорсаΛьной поверхности мезосомы Mesobuthus eupeus в посеΛениях кажΑой из выборок. 21 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан (n = 57); 22 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан (n = 40); 23 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан (n = 81); 24 – Юго-Восточный Гобустан (n = 103); 25 – Юго-Восточный Ширван (n = 86). По оси абсцисс указаны посеΛения, по оси орΑинат – частота изменчивости. Figs 21–25. Frequency of variability of the main elements of pattern (medial, paramedical and marginal stripes) of dorsal surface of mesosome of Mesobuthus eupeus in conglomerations of each sample. 21 – northwestern Gobustan (n = 57); 22 – northeastern Gobustan (n = 40); 23 – central Gobustan (n = 81); 24 – southeastern Gobustan (n = 103); 25 – southeastern Shirvan (n = 86). Abscissas show conglomerations, ordinates – the frequency of variability. in Materials on the colour pattern variability of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in southeastern Shirvan and Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)

Рис. 21–25. Частота изменчивости основных эΛементов рисунка (меΑиаΛьной, парамеΑиаΛьных и маргинаΛьных поΛос) ΑорсаΛьной поверхности мезосомы Mesobuthus eupeus в посеΛениях кажΑой из выборок. 21 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан (n = 57); 22 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан (n = 40); 23 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан (n = 81); 24 – Юго-Восточный Гобустан (n = 103); 25 – Юго-Восточный Ширван (n = 86). По оси абсцисс указаны посеΛения, по оси орΑинат – частота изменчивости. Figs 21–25. Frequency of variability of the main elements of pattern (medial, paramedical and marginal stripes) of dorsal surface of mesosome of Mesobuthus eupeus in conglomerations of each sample. 21 – northwestern Gobustan (n = 57); 22 – northeastern Gobustan (n = 40); 23 – central Gobustan (n = 81); 24 – southeastern Gobustan (n = 103); 25 – southeastern Shirvan (n = 86). Abscissas show conglomerations, ordinates – the frequency of variability.

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Pattern variation is linked to anti-predator colouration in butterfly larvae

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Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns

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publicFeb 2019View details →

Data from: Unscrambling variation in avian eggshell colour and patterning in a continent-wide study

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