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562 results for “conifer”
Fig. 53 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 53. Cinara (Cinara) curvipes (Patch, 1912), juvenile alata on Abies sp. (from Dransfield & Brightwell 2015, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0, downloaded 15 Sept. 2015).
Fig. 30 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 30. Cinara (Cinara) pilicornis (Hartig, 1841) on Picea abies. Typical mid-summer colonies on branch undersides.
Fig. 63 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 63. Cinara (Cinara) laricis (Hartig, 1839). Adult apterae with juvenile apterae and alatae. A–D. On Larix decidua. E. On L. sibirica.
Fig. 15 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 15. Adelges (Gilletteella) cooleyi (Gillette, 1907). Galls on Picea pungens. Photo Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ us/, downloaded via http://www.forestpests.org/vd/images/5422254-SMPT.jpg).
Fig. 14. A–B in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 14. A–B. Developing galls of Adelges (Adelges) tardus (Dreyfus, 1888) on Picea abies, close to galls of A. (Sacciphantes) abietis (Linnaeus, 1758). C. Half-grown galls of A. tardus and A. abietis on the same twig. Note the tufts of protruding needles on the A. tardus galls, apparently due to interference from A. abietis. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Fig. 6 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 6. Adelges (Dreyfusia) nordmannianae (Eckstein, 1890). A. Gall on Picea orientalis (orig.). B. First instar hibernating fundatrix, spinal plates on meso- and metathorax (left side), showing arangement of wax gland pits (after Eichhorn 1956). C. Gallicola (after Carter 1971, redrawn and slightly modified from Heie 2004).
Fig. 10 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 10. Adelges (Adelges) tardus (Dreyfus, 1888). Galls on Picea abies. A–B. Almost full-grown. C. Almost mature. D–E. Mature, first gallicolae have emerged. F–G. Fully opened galls. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Fig. 11 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 11. Adelges (Adelges) tardus (Dreyfus, 1888) on Picea abies. A. Mature, opened gall with alate gallicolae on surface. B–I. Gallicolae laying eggs on needles in vicinity of their mother gall. J–K. Gallicolae in vitro. Scale bars for E–K: 1 mm.
Fig. 2 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 2. Pineus (Pineus) cembrae (Cholodkovsky, 1888). A–B. Galls on Picea abies (A after Francke-Grosmann 1938, redrawn; B after Shaposnikov, modified from Heie 2004). C–D. Gallicola (C) and sexupara (D), abdomen showing wax gland plates (after Börner 1908, modified from Heie 2004).
Fig. 13. A–C in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 13. A–C. Adelges (Adelges) tardus (Dreyfus, 1888). Wax-covered pseudofundatrices at bases of developing galls on Picea abies. D. As A–C, but with the wax wool brushed off to expose the pseudofundatrix and her eggs.
Fig. 9 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 9. Adelges (Adelges) laricis Vallot, 1836. A. Sexupara (after Carter 1971, modified and redrawn from Heie 2004). B. Antenna of gallicola (after Annand 1928, modified).
Fig. 1 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 1. Pineus (Pineus) pineoides (Cholodkovsky, 1907). Adult aptera (after Schneider-Orelli 1940, modified).
Fig. 8 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 8. Adelges (Adelges) laricis Vallot, 1836. Galls on Picea abies. A, D. Almost mature. B. Young. C. Half-grown. E. Abandoned gall (in winter).
Fig. 7 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 7. Adelges (Dreyfusia) merkeri (Eichhorn, 1957). First instar hibernating fundatrix, spinal plates on meso- and metathorax (left side), showing arangement of wax gland pits (after Eichhorn 1956, modified).
Fig. 4 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 4. Pineus (Pineus) orientalis (Dreyfus, 1889). A. Gall on Picea orientalis (after Carter 1976, redrawn). B. Antenna of gallicola (after Annand 1928, modified).
Fig. 5 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 5. Adelges (Aphrastasia) pectinatae (Cholodkovsky, 1888). Gall on Picea abies (after Cholodkovsky, redrawn and modified from Shaposhnikov 1964).
Fig. 12 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)
Fig. 12. Adelges (Adelges) tardus (Dreyfus, 1888). A–F. Hibernating pseudofundatrix nymphs on buds of Picea abies. Note the sparse, long, more or less straight wax filaments (most of them worn off, except in D–E). Often together with nymphs of A. (Sacciphantes) abietis (Linnaeus, 1758), whose wax filaments are dense, flattened and strongly curled (the specimen to the right in B). The nymphs usually hibernate on the surface of the bud, whereas those of A. abietis prefer bud bases and axils. G. Hibernating nymphs, which are easiest to find in the vicinity of the previous summer's galls.
Variations in tree growth provide limited evidence of species mixture effects in Interior West U.S.A. mixed-conifer forests
<p>1. In mixed stands, species complementarity (e.g., facilitation and competition reduction) may enhance forest tree productivity. Although positive mixture effects have been identified in forests worldwide, the majority of studies have focused on two-species interactions in managed systems with high functional diversity. We extended this line of research to examine mixture effects on tree productivity across landscape-scale compositional and environmental gradients in the low functional diversity, fire-suppressed, mixed-conifer forests of the U.S. Interior West.</p> <p>2. We investigated mixture effects on the productivity of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, and <i>Abies concolor</i>. Using region-wide forest inventory data, we created individual-tree generalized linear mixed models and examined the growth of these species across community gradients. We compared the relative influences of stand structure, age, competition, and environmental stress on mixture effects using multi-model inference. We analyzed growth of neighboring tree species to infer whether a mixture effect in a single species translated to the stand-level.</p> <p>3. We found support for a positive mixture effect in <i>P. menziesii</i>, although our results were equivocal in light of a weaker but still plausible alternative model. Growth of <i>P. menziesii</i> neighboring species in mixed stands declined or held constant depending on aridity, suggesting that a positive mixture effect in <i>P. menziesii</i> does not necessarily extend to the stand level. We found no evidence for mixture effects in <i>P. ponderosa</i>, <i>A. concolor</i> or their neighboring species.</p> <p>4. Complementarity appears to have a limited influence on tree growth in the mixed-conifer systems of the U.S. Interior West, reflecting limited functional diversity. Historical changes in stand structure following fire exclusion, particularly high stand densities, may limit the potential for positive species mixture effects. The limited species pool of Interior West forests increases the risk that, without careful management, what functional diversity exists could be lost to compositional changes resulting from stand dynamics or disturbance.</p>
Data from: Thinning and prescribed burning increase shade-tolerant conifer regeneration in a fire excluded mixed-conifer forest
<p>Fire exclusion and past management have altered the composition, structure, and function of frequent-fire forests throughout western North America. In mixed-conifer forests of the California Sierra Nevada, fire exclusion has exacerbated the effects of drought and endemic bark beetles, resulting in extensive mortality of fire-adapted pine species. Thinning and prescribed fire are widely used in these forests to reduce fuels, moderate fire behavior, and restore ecosystems. Tree regeneration influences future forest composition and structure, and therefore future resilience to disturbances, but long-term effects of thinning and prescribed burning on tree regeneration after prolonged fire exclusion are poorly understood. We measured tree regeneration one year prior to, and periodically for 16 years following thinning and prescribed burning in a mixed-conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We asked three questions. How did the composition and density of tree regeneration change after thinning and prescribed burning? Did pretreatment vegetation types influence conifer regeneration density after treatments? Did planting after overstory thinning increase regeneration density of native pine species?</p> <p>Sixteen years after treatments, combined natural regeneration of shade-tolerant white fir (Abies concolor) and incense-cedar (<em>Calocedrus</em> <em>decurrens</em>) averaged 2,032 trees per hectare (tph) after understory thinning, and 7,745 tph after understory thinning combined with prescribed burning, increases of 37% and 146% from pretreatment densities. In contrast, combined natural regeneration of white fir and incense-cedar averaged 497 tph after overstory thinning, 780 tph after overstory thinning with prescribed burning, 113 tph after prescribed burning alone, and 807 tph in untreated controls, all of which were declines from pretreatment densities. Natural regeneration of white fir and incense-cedar was consistently an order of magnitude greater than Jeffrey pine (<em>Pinus</em> <em>jeffreyi</em>) and sugar pine (<em>Pinus</em> <em>lambertiana</em>), whose combined densities 16 years after treatments averaged 37 tph across treatments and did not significantly respond to thinning and/or prescribed burning. Natural conifer regeneration after treatments varied by pre-treatment vegetation type (closed canopy, <em>Ceanothus</em> <em>cordulatus</em> shrub-dominated, and open sparse), with large increases of natural regeneration after understory thinning in closed canopy and <em>Ceanothus</em> shrub vegetation types. Planting increased sugar pine regeneration density after overstory thinning, marginally increased Jeffrey pine regeneration after overstory thinning combined with prescribed burning, and increased white fir regeneration after overstory thinning with and without burning. No treatments reduced white fir and incense-cedar natural regeneration while simultaneously increasing natural pine regeneration, suggesting new thinning, burning, and planting approaches may be required to meet regeneration restoration objectives.</p>
Data from: Ability of seedlings to survive heat and drought portends future demographic challenges for five southwestern US conifers
<p>Climate change and disturbance are altering forests and the rates and locations of tree regeneration. We examined seedling survival of five southwestern United States (US) conifer species found in warmer and drier woodlands (<em>Pinus edulis</em>, <em>P. ponderosa</em>) and cooler and wetter subalpine forests (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em>, <em>Abies concolor</em>, and <em>Picea engelmanii</em>) under hot and dry conditions in incubators. We constructed models that explained 53% to 76% of the species-specific survival variability, then applied these to recent climate (1980-2019) and projected climate (1980-2099) for the southwestern US. We found that lower elevations within species' range would have low survival under projected climate and that range contraction would be greatest for species that currently occupy warm-dry conditions. These results demonstrate that empirically derived physiological limitations can be used to identify where species composition or vegetation type change are likely to occur in the southwest US.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.