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114 results for “cost of reproduction”
Data from: Non-linear costs of reproduction in a long-lived plant
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Data from: Survival and reproductive costs of repeated acute glucocorticoid elevations in a captive, wild animal
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Data from: Experimental evidence of long-term reproductive costs in a colonial nesting seabird
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Fitness implications of nonlethal injuries in scorpions: females, but not males pay reproductive costs
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Data from: Telomere length reflects phenotypic quality and costs of reproduction in a long-lived seabird
Telomere length is associated with cellular senescence, lifestyle and ageing. Short telomeres indicate poor health in humans and reduced life expectancy in several bird species, but little is known about telomeres in relation to phenotypic quality in wild animals. We investigated telomere lengths in erythrocytes of known-age common terns (Sterna hirundo), a migratory seabird, in relation to arrival date and reproductive performance. Cross-sectional data revealed that, independent of age, individuals with short telomeres performed better: they arrived and reproduced earlier in the season and had more chicks in the nest. The latter effect was stronger the older the brood and stronger in males, which do most of the chick provisioning. Longitudinal data confirmed this pattern: compared with birds that lost their brood, birds that raised chicks beyond the 10th nestling day experienced higher telomere attrition from one year to the next. However, more detailed analysis revealed that the least and most successful individuals lost the fewest base pairs compared with birds with intermediate success. Our results suggest that reproductive success is achieved at the expense of telomeres, but that individual heterogeneity in susceptibility to such detrimental effects is important, as indicated by low telomere loss in the most successful birds.
Data from: Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the fecundity–longevity trade-off in eusocial insects
Eusocial insects provide special opportunities to elucidate the evolution of ageing as queens have apparently evaded costs of reproduction and reversed the fecundity-longevity trade-off generally observed in non-social organisms. But how reproduction affects longevity in eusocial insects has rarely been tested experimentally. In this study, we took advantage of the reproductive plasticity of workers to test the causal role of reproduction in determining longevity in eusocial insects. Using the eusocial bumblebee Bombus terrestris, we found that, in whole colonies, in which workers could freely 'choose' whether to become reproductive, workers' level of ovarian activation was significantly positively associated with longevity and ovary-active workers significantly outlived ovary-inactive workers. By contrast, when reproductivity was experimentally induced in randomly-selected workers, thereby decoupling it from other traits, workers' level of ovarian activation was significantly negatively associated with longevity and ovary-active workers were significantly less long-lived than ovary-inactive workers. These findings show that workers experience costs of reproduction and suggest that intrinsically high-quality individuals can overcome these costs. They also raise the possibility that eusocial insect queens exhibit condition-dependent longevity and hence call into question whether eusociality entails a truly reversed fecundity-longevity trade-off involving a fundamental remodelling of conserved genetic and endocrine networks underpinning ageing.
Data from: Evolution of male age-specific reproduction under differential risks and causes of death: males pay the cost of high female fitness
Classic theories of ageing evolution predict that increased extrinsic mortality due to an environmental hazard selects for increased early reproduction, rapid ageing and short intrinsic lifespan. Conversely, emerging theory maintains that when ageing increases susceptibility to an environmental hazard, increased mortality due to this hazard can select against ageing in physiological condition and prolong intrinsic lifespan. However, evolution of slow ageing under high-condition-dependent mortality is expected to result from reallocation of resources to different traits and such reallocation may be hampered by sex-specific trade-offs. Because same life-history trait values often have different fitness consequences in males and females, sexually antagonistic selection can preserve genetic variance for lifespan and ageing. We previously showed that increased condition-dependent mortality caused by heat shock leads to evolution of long-life, decelerated late-life mortality in both sexes and increased female fecundity in the nematode, Caenorhabditis remanei. Here, we used these cryopreserved lines to show that males evolving under heat shock suffered from reduced early-life and net reproduction, while mortality rate had no effect. Our results suggest that heat-shock resistance and associated long-life trade-off with male, but not female, reproduction and therefore sexually antagonistic selection contributes to maintenance of genetic variation for lifespan and fitness in this population.
Data from: Transcriptomic response to injury sheds light on the physiological costs of reproduction in ant queens
The trade-off between reproduction and longevity is widespread among multicellular organisms. As an important exception, the reproductive females of perennial social insects (ants, honeybees, termites) are simultaneously highly fertile and very long-lived relative to their nonreproductive nestmates. The observation that increased fecundity is not coupled with decreased lifespan suggests that social insect queens do not have to reallocate resources between reproduction and self-maintenance. If queens have to compensate for the costs of reproduction on the level of the individual, the activation of other energy-demanding physiological processes might force them to reduce the production of eggs. To test this hypothesis in ant queens, we increased immunity costs by injury and measured the effect of this treatment on egg-laying rates and genomewide gene expression. Amputation of both middle legs led to a temporary decrease in egg-laying rates and affected the expression of 947 genes corresponding to 9% of the transcriptome. The changes comprised the upregulation of the immune and wound healing response on the one hand, and the downregulation of germ cell development, central nervous system development and learning ability on the other hand. Injury strongly influenced metabolism by inducing catabolism and repressing amino acid and nitrogen compound metabolism. By comparing our results to similar transcriptomic studies in insects, we found a highly consistent upregulation of immune genes due to sterile and septic wounding. The gene expression changes, complemented by the temporary decline of egg-laying rates, clearly reveal a trade-off between reproduction and the immune response in social insect queens.
Data from: The oxidative costs of reproduction are group-size dependent in a wild cooperative breeder
Life-history theory assumes that reproduction entails a cost, and research on cooperatively breeding societies suggests that the cooperative sharing of workloads can reduce this cost. However, the physiological mechanisms that underpin both the costs of reproduction and the benefits of cooperation remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesised that reproductive costs may arise in part from oxidative stress, as reproductive investment may elevate exposure to reactive oxygen species, compromising survival and future reproduction and accelerating senescence. However, experimental evidence of oxidative costs of reproduction in the wild remains scarce. Here, we use a clutch-removal experiment to investigate the oxidative costs of reproduction in a wild cooperatively breeding bird, the white-browed sparrow weaver, Plocepasser mahali. Our results reveal costs of reproduction that are dependent on group size: relative to individuals in groups whose eggs were experimentally removed, individuals in groups that raised offspring experienced an associated cost (elevated oxidative damage and reduced body mass), but only if they were in small groups containing fewer or no helpers. Furthermore, during nestling provisioning, individuals that provisioned at higher rates showed greater within-individual declines in body mass and antioxidant protection. Our results provide rare experimental evidence that reproduction can negatively impact both oxidative status and body mass in the wild, and suggest that these costs can be mitigated in cooperative societies by the presence of additional helpers. These findings have implications for our understanding of the energetic and oxidative costs of reproduction, and the benefits of cooperation in animal societies.
A novel role for Eip74EF in male reproduction in promoting sperm elongation at the cost of fecundity
<p>Spermatozoa are the most morphologically variable cell type, yet little is known about genes controlling natural variation in sperm shape. <i>Drosophila</i> fruit flies have evolved the longest sperm known, which are evolving under postcopulatory sexual selection, driven by sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Long sperm outcompete short sperm but primarily when females have long seminal receptacles (SRs), the primary sperm storage organ. Thus, selection on sperm length is mediated by SR length, and the two traits are coevolving across the <i>Drosophila</i> lineage, driven by a genetic correlation and fitness advantage of long sperm and long SR genotypes in both males and females. <i>Ecdysone induced protein 74EF </i>(<i>Eip74EF</i>)<i> </i>is rapidly evolving under positive selection in <i>Drosophila</i>, and it is expressed during post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, when spermatid elongation occurs. Partial knockdown of <i>Eip74EF</i> leads to shorter sperm but does not affect SR length, suggesting that <i>Eip74EF</i> is involved in promoting spermatid elongation but is not a genetic driver of male-female coevolution. We also found that <i>Eip74EF </i>knockdown has opposing effects on fecundity in males and females, with an increase in fecundity for males but a decrease in females, consistent with its documented role in oocyte maturation. It is possible that knockdown males produce more sperm that are also shorter, which would explain the increase in fecundity, but this hypothesis remains to be tested. Our results document a novel function of <i>Eip74EF</i> in spermatogenesis and demonstrates that this gene influences both male and female reproductive success.</p>
Data from: Ageing via perception costs of reproduction magnifies sexual selection
Understanding what factors modulate sexual selection intensity is crucial to a wide variety of evolutionary processes. Recent studies show that perception of sex pheromones can severely impact male mortality when it is not followed by mating (perception costs of reproduction). Here, we examine the idea that this may magnify sexual selection by further decreasing the fitness of males with inherently low mating success, hence increasing the opportunity for sexual selection. We use mathematical modelling to show that even modest mortality perception costs can significantly increase variability in male reproductive success under a wide range of demographic conditions. We then conduct a series of assays suggesting that, in D. melanogaster, failure to reproduce early in life may, via perception costs of reproduction, significantly reduce the subsequent fitness of males (ca. 25%), due mostly to increased reproductive ageing. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that perception costs of reproduction can magnify sexual selection in a biologically significant way. Finally, we estimate that around 29% of available studies quantify sexual selection based on short-term fitness estimates that may fail to capture these effects (if they were present in their subject species), and suggest addressing the existence and impact of perception costs of reproduction across taxa should thus be a priority.
Reproduction data and code for "The social cost of carbon dioxide under climate-economy feedbacks and temperature variability"
<p>### Data for Kikstra et al. 2021, ERL, The social cost of carbon dioxide under climate-economy feedbacks and temperature variability</p> <p>This repository contains data and scripts for the main text figures in the article Kikstra, J.S., Waidelich, P., Rising J., Yumashev, D., Hope, C., Brierley, C.M. (2021) The social cost of carbon dioxide under climate-economy feedbacks and temperature variability, Environmental Research Letters. DOI <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1d0b">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1d0b</a></p> <p>##### Authors<br> - Jarmo S. Kikstra<br> - Paul Waidelich<br> - James Rising<br> - Dmitry Yumashev<br> - Chris Hope<br> - Chris M. Brierly</p> <p>Correspondence: kikstra@iiasa.ac.at</p> <p>##### Data repository structure<br> - data # hosts all data that is used to produce the main text figures<br> - growth-effects # hosts model data for results from model runs with persistent damages, for figure 3 and figure 4<br> - PAGE-ANN-Growth_ModelResults_PersistenceDistribution # annual PAGE version, empirical persistence distribution<br> - PAGE-arVAR-Growth_ModelResults_PersistenceDistribution # annual PAGE version with temperature variability, empirical persistence distribution<br> - PAGE-Growth_ModelResults_FixedPersistence # main version, with 10 time steps, fixed persistence levels<br> - PAGE-Growth_ModelResults_LowPassFilterPersistenceDistribution # main version, with 10 time steps, low pass filter persistence distribution<br> - PAGE-Growth_ModelResults_PersistenceDistribution # main version, with 10 time steps, empirical persistence distribution<br> - page-ice # model data for results from PAGE-ICE base model runs<br> - scco2-montecarlo # for figure 6 data<br> - update-page # for figure 2 data<br> - variability # for figure 5 data<br> - extended data # hosts other data used in the manuscript or which we simply want to publish alongside. Example for naming convention for each variable in […] behind the files.<br> - economic-impact # model output variables “EquityWeighting_ te_totaleffect{_ann_yr}.csv” [PAGE-ICE_SSP1-1.9_discountedimpacts.csv]<br> - montecarlo-draws # model output variable “trialdata.csv” [PAGE-ICE_SSP1-1.9_trialdata.csv]<br> - sensitivity # hosts selected sensitivity analysis data used in the appendix<br> - temperature # model output variable “ClimateTemperature_rt_g_globaltemperature.csv” [PAGE-ICE_SSP1-1.9_globaltemperature.csv]<br> - scripts # has one script for each main text figure,<br> - figures # hosts main text figures as they come out of the scripts<br> - README.md # explanation for the repository</p>
Data from: Telomere length reflects phenotypic quality and costs of reproduction in a long-lived seabird
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Data from: Daphnia invest in sexual reproduction when its relative costs are reduced
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Data from: A physiological signature of the cost of reproduction associated with parental care
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Data from: Reproduction has different costs for immunity and parasitism in a wild mammal
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Data from: Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the fecundity–longevity trade-off in eusocial insects
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Data from: Cumulative reproductive costs on current reproduction in a wild polytocous mammal
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Data from: Microbiome affects egg carotenoid investment, nestling development and adult oxidative costs of reproduction in Great tits
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Data from: Evolution of male age-specific reproduction under differential risks and causes of death: males pay the cost of high female fitness
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