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FIGURE 1 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 1. Map of Lebanon showing historical data (balck dots), recent data (yellow dots), and the localities of the new species in Lebanon (red dots). Locality no.1 is the locality of Philoctetes acuminatus sp. nov., and locality no.2 is the type locality of Chrysis mirae sp. nov. Localities no.3 are the type localities of Chrysis villosa sp. nov. The governorates where specimens were collected are from north to south and from west to east: North Lebanon (Akkar and North), Mount Lebanon, Beirut, South Lebanon (Nabatieh and South), Bekaa (Baalbek-Hermel and Bekaa).

FIGURE 3 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 3. Philoctetes acuminatus Rosa & Boustani, sp. nov. A–D. ♀, holotype. A) Habitus, dorsal view. B) Head, frontal view. C) Mesosoma, lateral view. D) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. E–J. Paratype, ♂. E) Head, frontal view. F) Genital capsule, dorsal view. G) Head and mesosoma, lateral view. H) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. I) Mesosoma, dorsal view. J) Genital capsule, ventral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 12. Chrysis transcaspica Mocsáry, 1889, ♀, from Turkey. A) Habitus, dorsal view. B) Head, frontal view. C) Habitus, lateral view. D) Head, dorsal view. E) Metasoma, ventral view. F) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 11. Chrysis villosa Rosa, sp. nov., ♂. A) Habitus, dorsal view. B) Head, frontal view. C) Genital capsule. D) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. E) Habitus, lateral view. F) Metasoma, ventral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 10. Chrysis villosa Rosa, sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A) Habitus, dorsal view. B) Head, frontal view. C) Habitus, lateral view. D) Head, dorsal view. E) Habitus, ventral view. F) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 13. Chrysis transcaspica Mocsáry, 1889, ♂, from Turkey. A) Habitus, dorsal view. B) Head, frontal view. C) Genital capsule. D) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. E) Habitus, lateral view. F) Metasoma, ventral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 8. Chrysis rasmonti Rosa, sp. nov., ♀, paratype. A) Habitus, dorsal view. B) Head, frontal view. C) Mesosoma, dorsal view. D) Head, dorsal view. E) Habitus, ventral view. F) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 6. Chrysis mirae Rosa, sp. nov., ♂, paratype. A) Habitus, dorsal view. B) Head, frontal view. C) Genital capsule. D) Metasoma, postero-lateral view. E) Habitus, lateral view. F) Metasoma, ventral view. Scale bars 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 14. Genital capsules A in Survey of cuckoo wasps of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) with description of four new species

FIGURE 14. Genital capsules A) Chrysis verna Dahlbom, 1854. B) C. rasmonti sp. nov. C) C. mirae sp. nov. D) C. villosa sp. nov.

Fig. 1 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 1. Adult female paratype of the cuckoo wasp Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, Bellheim, 10 June 2012; voucher ID: ZFMK-TIS-36479), Photograph: O. Niehuis.

Fig. 4 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 4. Exemplar chromatograms showing diagnostic differences (specified inTables 1 and 2) between the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis in the female (A) and male (B) sex. The x-axis represents the retention time shown in form of Kovats retention indices (Kováts 1958), the y-axis shows the total intensity of ions (TIC). Diagnostic alkenes are indicated with their Kovats retention index (Kováts 1958) in parentheses to differentiate them from alkenes with the same chain length but differing in the location of their double bond.

Fig. 3 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of males and females of the cuckoo wasps Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (6 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀) and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀) as well as of three vespid wasps known to serve as hosts of these two cuckoo wasps, Ancistrocerus antilope (23 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀), Euodynerus notatus (13 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀), and Euodynerus quadrifasciatus (14 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀). Note that the plot includes the CHC profile data of the holotype of C. parabrevitarsis n. sp. and CHC profile data of the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis.

Fig. 2 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree inferred from Kimura-2-parameter nucleotide sequence distances between COI haplotypes of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (blue branches), Chrysis brevitarsis and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (yellow branches). Support values are based on 10 000 bootstrap replicates. Acronyms in capital letters after the species names specify the country of origin: Belorussia (BLR), Estonia (EST), Finland (FIN), Germany (GER), Lithuania (LIT), Norway (NOR), Russia (RUS), and Sweden (SWE). Sample IDs are given in parentheses.

Fig. 7 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of antennal flagellomeres (F) 4–6 in females of Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (top, voucher ID: TUZ117252) and Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (bottom, voucher ID:TUZ102387).

Fig. 6 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 6. Shape of the internal metasomal segments (T4–T7 and S4–S6) of female Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (voucher ID:TUZ102402). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

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Analysis of RNA-seq, DNA target enrichment, and Sanger nucleotide sequence data resolves deep splits in the phylogeny of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

<p>The wasp family Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps, gold wasps) comprises exclusively parasitoid and kleptoparasitic species, many of which feature a stunning iridescent coloration and phenotypic adaptations to their parasitic life style. Previous attempts to infer phylogenetic relationships among the family's major lineages (subfamilies, tribes, genera) based on Sanger sequence data were insufficient to statistically resolve the monophyly and the phylogenetic position of the subfamily Amiseginae and the phylogenetic relationships among the tribes Allocoeliini, Chrysidini, Elampini, and Parnopini (Chrysidinae). Here, we present a phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequence data of 492 nuclear single-copy genes (230,915 aligned amino acid sites) from 94 species of Chrysidoidea (representing Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Dryinidae, Plumariidae) and 45 outgroup species by combining RNA-seq and DNA target enrichment data. We find support for Amiseginae being more closely related to Cleptinae than to Chrysidinae. Furthermore, we find strong support for Allocoeliini being the sister lineage of all remaining Chrysidinae, while Elampini represent the sister lineage of Chrysidini and Parnopini. Our study corroborates results from a recent phylogenomic investigation which revealed Chrysidoidea as likely paraphyletic</p>

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 6. Hedychrum oxente Lucena & Zanella sp. nov., holotype female [UFMG]. A. Habitus, lateral left view; B. Head and pronotum, dorsal view; C. Head, frontal view; D. Habitus, dorsal view; E. T3, dorsal view; F. Head and mesosoma, lateral left view; G. Metasoma, dorso-lateral right view; H. Metasoma, dorsal view; I. T1–T2, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (C, E, I), 1 mm (A, B, D, F, G, H).

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 3. Geographical distribution of two South American Elampus (left); individual records for each species shown on the maps on the right.

FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 14. Holopyga lunae Lucena sp. nov., allotype female [RPSP]. A. Habitus, lateral left view; B. Head and pronotum, dorsal view; C. Head, frontal view; D. Habitus, dorsal view; E. Head and mesosoma, lateral left view; F. Metasoma, dorsal view; G. Metasoma, lateral left view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (B, C, E, G), 1 mm (A, D, F).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 1. Lectotype female of Ellampus (!) (Notozus) aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901 [MPEG], designed by Lucena & Gomes (2016). A. Habitus, lateral left view; B. Metasoma, lateral left view; C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.