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Figure 2 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285

Figure 2 - Sternal CaCO3 deposits in Titanethes albus. A individual in early premolt with sternal deposits on anterior four pereionites. Deposits are bipartite with a larger anterior part (an) and a smaller posterior part (po). Round fenestrations (arrowheads) perforate the deposits. B individual in late premolt with fully developed sternal deposits. The anterior and posterior part on each segment are fused and the deposits have a uniform shape. C scanning electron micrograph of spherules forming the sternal deposits in late premolt. D scanning electron micrograph of a cleaved sternal deposit (d) in late premolt. Spherules are proximally more loosely arranged. p1 pereionite 1, p2 pereionite 2, p3 pereionite 3, p4 pereionite 4, oc old cuticle.

Figure 3 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285

Figure 3 - Ultrastructure of anterior tergites in early premolt. A apolysis. The apical surface of the epidermal cell (e) is detached from the old cuticle (oc), but the ecdysial space is narrow. The apical plasma membrane of epidermal cells forms short protrusions (p) with electron dense tips. B the ecdysial space in early premolt. A sheet of fibrous and granular material (s) is located in the distal part of the ecdysial space (es). C section through the apical surface of an epidermal cell (e) in early premolt. Gaps (arrowheads) are present in the newly formed epicuticle (ep) that is formed over short protrusions (p) of the apical plasma membrane. A developing epicuticular scale (sc) is visible. D oblique section through the apical surface of an epidermal cell in early premolt. Gaps (arrowheads) in the newly deposited epicuticle (ep) appear to be perforations. E the epidermis in early premolt. Epidermal cells (e) contain numerous mitochondria (m) and a well developed RER (r). Scales (sc) are forming around elongated projections of the apical plasma membrane (cp).

Figure 4 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285

Figure 4 - Ultrastructure of anterior tergites in late premolt and intramolt. A early stage of exocuticle formation. The distal dense layer (dl) is deposited. The apical plasma membrane of epidermal cells forms finger-like extensions (fe). The Golgi apparatus (g) is well developed. B anterior tergite in late premolt. Several lamellae of the new exocuticle (ex) are deposited. Epidermal cells contain a well developed RER (r), numerous mitochondria (m) and small electron dense vesicles (sv) in their apical cytoplasm. The epicuticle (ep) with scales (sc) is fully formed. C the apical plasma membrane of an epidermal cell in late premolt forms numerous invaginations (arrow). Cytoplasmic extensions reach into pore canals (pc). D anterior tergite in intramolt. The new exocuticle is almost fully deposited. The apical cytoplasm of epidermal cells contains electron dense vesicles (sv), numerous mitochondria (m) and a well developed RER (r). Long cytoplasmic extensions reach into pore canals (pc). H oblique section through the apical surface of an epidermal cell in intramolt. Pore canals (pc) in the new cuticle contain cytoplasmic extensions of epidermal cells. Numerous short protrusions (p) of the apical plasma membrane with dense tips are visible. es ecdysial space. nu nucleus.

Figure 5 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285

Figure 5 - Cellular extensions and tubules in the ecdysial space. A oblique semithin section through the dorsal surface of an anterior tergite in intramolt. A bundle of tubules (arrowhead) on the surface of the new exocuticle (ex) is seen in cross-section. B electron micrograph of a bundle of tubules (tu). Proximally, the tubules are very densely arranged and they dissociate distally. A cellular extension (ce) within an electron dense sheath is located at the center of the bundle. C cross-section through a bundle of tubules. The cellular extension (ce) at the center of the bundle contains microtubules. Dense material (dm) surrounds the extension. D oblique section through the base of a bundle in intramolt. A pore (po) in the new cuticle is located beneath the bundle. Tubules (tu) protrude from the surface of the epicuticle (ep). E longitudinal section through a pore beneath a bundle of tubules. The pore contains a cellular extension (ce). F section though the epidermis beneath a bundle of tubules. A cellular extension (ce), enclosed in a sheath, is located in an invagination of an epidermal cell (e). G section through the cellular extension at the level of the epidermis. Vesicles (v) are present in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cell and are fused with the plasma membrane in proximity of the cellular extension. es ecdysial space, sc scale

Figure 6 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285

Figure 6 - A schematic representation of cellular extensions associated with tubular bundles in the ecdysial space. A bundle of tubules (tu) surrounds a cellular extension (ce) that reaches into the ecdysial space (es). The cellular extension is enclosed in an electron dense sheath (sh). At the level of the epidermis, the cellular extension is surrounded by an enveloping epidermal cell (en). b basal lamina, d epicuticular thickening, ep new epicuticle, ex new exocuticle, m mitochondrion, n nucleus, oc old cuticle, pl plasma membrane of the enveloping epidermal cell, r RER.

Figure 7 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285

Figure 7 - Ultrastructure of anterior tergites in postmolt. A anterior tergite shortly after molt. First lamellae of the endocuticle (en) are deposited proximally to the exocuticle (ex). Pore canals (pc) appear electron lucent. The apical plasma membrane of epidermal cells (e) forms finger-like extensions (fe). B apical region of an epidermal cell in postmolt. The epidermal cell (e) contains a well developed RER (r). The apical plasma membrane forms short protrusions (p) with dense tips. Several lamellae of the endocuticle (en) are deposited. C bundle of tubules (tu) protruding from the epicuticle (ep) of a tergite in postmolt. The center of the bundle (c) is electron lucent. D section through a pore (po) in the exocuticle beneath a bundle of tubules in postmolt. The lumen of the pore is electron dense. E The epicuticle (ep), exocuticle (ex) and endocuticle (en) in intermolt. b bacterium, m mitochondrion, sc scale.

Figure 9 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 9 - A TEM image of the class one gland cells found underneath the synsternal translucent patch in a Dendrocerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) The arrow points to the secretory duct in the cuticle, while the square outlines the gland cells at the base of these ducts B A closer look at the class one gland cells at the base of one of these ducts. Specimen identifier: IM 5442.

Figure 8 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 8 - A A three-dimensional model of a class 3 gland cell found underneath the cuticle. The model shows the cuticle in blue, the gland cell in red, and then secretory duct connecting them in green B A three-dimensional model of a lamellar body.

Figure 6 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 6 - Brightfield images with arrows pointing to the patches of translucent cuticle in a Trogus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (identifier: PSUC_FEM 86178).

Figure 5 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 5 - Brightfield images showing the dorsal and ventral patches of translucent cuticle in Orussidae, viewed externally. A Dorsal view of an Orussus sp. (Hymenoptera: Orussidae), viewed externally (identifier: IM 1445/ NCSU 53625) B Ventral view of the same specimen C Arrows pointing to dorsal patches of translucent cuticle in Orussus abietinus Scopoli, 1763 (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) (identifier: PSUC_FEM 86200) D A closer view of one of the translucent patches from the same specimen.

Figure 4 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 4 - SEM image of the synsternal translucent patch and synsternal setiferous patch in a male (A) and female (B) Lagynodes sp. (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) Specimens from lot IM 930. Abbreviations: smp = synsternal setiferous patch; stp = synsternal translucent patch.

Figure 2 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 2 - SEM images of the syntergal and synsternal translucent patches and synsternal setiferous patches in male Megaspilus armatus Say, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) specimens. A Dorsal surface of the metasoma, showing the scutes (identifier PSUC_FEM 68527) B Ventral surface of the metasoma (identifier: PSUC_FEM 50127) C Closer view of the synsternal setiferous patch and scutes, with arrows pointing to pore openings in the cuticle (identifier: PSUC_FEM 50127) Abbreviations: smp = synsternal setiferous patch; stp = synsternal translucent patch.

Figure 10 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 10 - TEM image of the lamellar bodies found underneath the synsternal translucent patch in a Dendrocerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) Specimen identifier: IM 5442.

Figure 1 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 1 - Brightfield images of syntergal and synsternal translucent patches and synsternal setiferous patches in different species of Conostigmus (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae), viewed externally. A Dorsal surface (syntergite) within a C. bipunctatus Kieffer, 1907 (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) specimen (identifier: IM 1751) B Ventral surface (synsternite) within the same C. bipunctatus specimen C Ventral surface of Conostigmus sp. C7A (identifier: CLEV 22741) D Ventral surface of Conostigmus sp. C7B (identifier: PSUC_FEM 83781) Abbreviations: smp = synsternal setiferous patch; stp = syntergal/synsternal translucent patch. The species notations given are not issued for purposes of zoological nomenclature, and are not published within the meaning of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Figure 3 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 3 - Images of the synsternal translucent and setiferous patches in the metasoma of different Ceraphronoidea. A Brightfield image of a Ceraphron sp. (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) (identifier: PSUC_FEM 27234) B SEM image of Masner lubomirus Deans & Mikó, 2015 (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) (identifier: PSUC_FEM 470955) C SEM image of Trichosteresis glabra Boheman, 1832 (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) (identifier: IM 1512) D Brightfield image of a Trassedia sp. (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) (identifier: IM 1109/ NCSU 71196) Abbreviations: smp = synsternal setiferous patch; stp = synsternal translucent patch.

Figure 7 from: Trietsch C, Mikó I, Ulmer JM, Deans AR (2017) Translucent cuticle and setiferous patches in Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 135-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.13692

Figure 7 - CLSM image of the synsternal translucent patch and setiferous patch in a male (A identifier: PSUC_FEM 86236) and female (B identifier PSUC_FEM 86240) Megaspilus armatus Say, 1836 specimen (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae), viewed externally. Abbreviations: smp = synsternal setiferous patch; stp = synsternal translucent patch.

Figure 1 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285

Figure 1 - Molting in Titanethes albus. A a diagram of a typical molt cycle. The colored line shows the median observed durations of premolt and postmolt with intermolt. Different colors represent individual stages in the molt cycle. Key processes in each stage (early premolt, late premolt, and postmolt with intermolt) are indicated. Black dots indicate the onset of the longest and shortest observed premolt stages and the end of the longest and shortest observed intermolt stages B Titanethes albus immediately after posterior molt. The posterior half of the body is held upwards while the body is supported solely by the anterior four pairs of pereiopods C the posterior exuviae of Titanethes albus on a rock in Viršnica Cave. li end of longest observed intermolt stage lp onset of longest observed premolt stage si end of shortest observed intermolt stage sp onset of shortest observed premolt stage.

Figure 6 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418

Figure 6 - Histochemical reaction for calcium – Alizarin red S. A No reaction in Porcellio scaber late marsupial manca B Positive control (red-pink) in adult Porcellio scaber cuticle. Bars: 10 µm.

Figure 4 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418

Figure 4 - Cuticle structure and renewal in Porcellio scaber prehatching late-stage embryo. A Swelled embryo inside the vitelline membrane (vm), prior to hatching. B Semithin section of the embryo peripheral region. The vitelline membrane is artificially removed. Clearly discernible exoskeletal cuticle (c), detached from the underlying hypodermis (hd). C, D, E TEM micrographs of exoskeletal cuticle in different regions of the same specimen, composed of three principal layers: the outermost thin electron dense epicuticle (ep), the middle exocuticle (ex) and the innermost endocuticle with several sublayers (en). The micrographs show features of cuticle renewal: cuticle detachment from the hypodermis, partial disintegration of proximal portion of endocuticle (*) and irregularly arranged electron dense particles on outer apical plasma membrane surface (white arrows). Pore canals (black arrow) in the endocuticle consist of electron lucent central part and electron dense margins C. Cuticular scales (sc) are fully elaborated and the exocuticle has the characteristic pattern of chitin-protein fibers arrangement D. Exocuticle is hardly discernible E. F TEM micrograph of completely structured sensillum transverse section in the hypodermis. Dendritic outer segments (*) and enveloping cells (white *). Bars: A 500 µm; B 10 µm; C, E 1 µm; D 0.5 µm; F 200 nm.

Figure 2 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418

Figure 2 - Structure of distal chorion (ch) and proximal vitelline membrane (vm), covering Porcellio scaber mid-stage embryo. A The mid-stage embryo with visible limb buds (lb) and midgut glands primordia (mg). B Semithin section of the embryo peripheral region. Chorion is separated from the embryo surface. The vitelline membrane is slightly detached from the embryo cells; * - a wider space between embryo surface and vitelline membrane. C, D TEM micrographs of one-layered chorion, including electron lucent "lacunae" (white arrow). E, F TEM micrographs of vitelline membrane, composed of three layers: main proximal homogenous layer (*), thin middle electron dense layer (white arrow) and superficial corrugated lucent layer (black arrow). Bars: A 200 µm; B 10 µm; C, E 0.5 µm; D, F 200 nm.