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Figure 4 in Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant

Figure 4. Beta diversity analysis. Unweighted PCoA of UniFrac distances, Principal coordinate analysis illustrates differences between bacterial communities in senna italica roots and leaves. Two first components (PC1 and PC2) were plotted and represented 94.33% of whole inertia. Roots samples: Roots.1, Roots.2, and Roots.3. Leaves samples: Leaves.1, Leaves.2, and Leaves.3 are associated with Senna italica. The red triangle indicates Leaves.1. The green triangle indicates Root.1. The purple triangle indicates Root.2. The yellow square indicates Root.3. The blue square indicates Leaves.2. The orange circle indicates Leaves.3.

Fig 6 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 6 Effects of water extracts of frass produced by desert locusts (Sg), migratory locusts (Lm), and Bombay locusts (Ns) fed with rescue grass leaves on the number of A. Egg pods and B. Holes dug by adult desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Three cups containing frass extracts of the three locust species were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages (light and dark histograms) for seven days. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Different letters in each comparison (light or dark histograms) in (A) indicate significant differences at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple comparison test. n.s. indicates no significant differences in each comparison with ANOVA (light or dark histograms).

Fig 5 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 5 Effects of water extracts of frass produced by A, B. Bombay locusts and C, D. Migratory locusts fed with rescue grass leaves on the numbers of egg pods laid (A, C) and holes dug (B, D) by adult female desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Two cups containing frass extract (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 2 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 2 Effects of water extracts of frass obtained from lab-reared desert locust fed with romaine lettuce in Tunisia on the number of A. Egg pods laid and B. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts presented with sand mixed with frass extracts. Two cups containing frass extracts (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for seven or eight days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Asterisks indicate a significant difference at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 9 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 9 Effects of water extracts of rescue grass-fed desert locust frass on A. Egg widths (mean ± SD; n = 10) and B. Antennal lengths of embryos (mean ± SD; n = 6–11). Eggs were incubated in sand wetted with the frass extract (treated) or water (control) on day three after oviposition at 30°C. C–F. Photographs show embryos observed on days 5 and 9. Triangles in (A) and (B) indicate the time when the treatment started. Vertical bars in C–F indicate 1 mm. White arrows indicate an embryonic antenna in C–E.

Fig 1 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 1 Effects of water extracts of desert locust frass collected under umbrella thorn trees in the Mauritanian desert on the number of A., B. Egg pods laid, and C., D. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Frass were collected at sites #1 and #2 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Two cups containing frass extracts (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for seven or five days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate a significant difference at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 8 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 8 Effects of water extracts of rescue grass-fed Bombay locust (Ns) and migratory locust (Lm) frass on desert locust egg hatching rates. Five groups of 20 eggs were buried in sand wetted with each extract and water alone (control, C) within three days after oviposition and were observed for hatching at 30°C. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with GLMM.

Fig 7 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 7 Effects of hot and cool water extracts of rescue grass-fed desert locust frass on the number of A. Egg pods laid and B. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts. Frass were extracted with boiling and cool water and the extracts were mixed with sand. Sand cups containing these extracts and water as a control were presented to locusts in the same cage for 4 days. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Different letters in (A) indicate significant differences at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple comparison test. n.s. in (B) indicates no significant difference with ANOVA at the 5% level.

Fig 3 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 3 Effects of water extracts of leaves of various plants and desert locust frass collected after locusts fed on these plants on the numbers of egg pods laid by adult female desert locusts presented with sand mixed with extracts. Sand wetted with water was also presented as a control. Three cups containing leaf, frass extract, and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in one (A, C, D) or two locust cages (B, E, F) for three to five days, and the data were combined in (B), (E), and (F). Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Different letters in each panel indicate significant differences at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple comparison test. DG, Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass); BO, Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage); SB, Sorghum bicolor (sorghum); LS, Lactuca sativa var. longifolia (romaine lettuce); BR, Brassica rapa var. perviridis (Japanese mustard spinach); MS, Miscanthus sinensis (silver grass).

Fig 4 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 4 Effects of water extracts of leaves of various plants and desert locust frass after locusts fed on these plants on the numbers of egg pods laid when extracts were mixed with sand and presented to adult female desert locusts. Two cups containing leaf and frass extracts were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for three to five days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference. DG, Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass); BO, Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage); SB, Sorghum bicolor (sorghum); LS, Lactuca sativa var. longifolia (romaine lettuce); BR, Brassica rapa var. perviridis (Japanese mustard spinach); MS, Miscanthus sinensis (silver grass).

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Figs. 5–10 in First host plant record for Strymon davara (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) in the highly human-modified coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert

Figs. 5–10. Egg and larvae of Strymon davara on Alternanthera halimifolia. 5, Egg (arrow) inside a flower; bar = 0.5 mm. 6, Anal apex (arrow) of the first instar inserted into the flower; bar = 0.3 mm. 7, Feces (arrow) of the first instar on the apex of the flower. 8, Cryptic last instar (arrow) on an inflorescence; bar = 5 mm. 9, Last instar, dorsal view; bar = 5 mm. 10, Last instar, lateral view; bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Phaeosphspirone (1/1 ), a pair of unique polyketide enantiomers with an unusual 6/5/5/6 tetracyclic ring from the desert plant endophytic fungus Phaeosphaeriaceae sp.

Fig. 4. Δδ values (in ppm) = δS - δR for (R)- and (S)-MPTA diesters 1a/1b and 1′a/1′b.

Fig. 1 in Phaeosphspirone (1/1 ), a pair of unique polyketide enantiomers with an unusual 6/5/5/6 tetracyclic ring from the desert plant endophytic fungus Phaeosphaeriaceae sp.

Fig. 1. Structures of phaeosphspirone (1/1′), herbarin (2) and O-methylherbarin (3).

Fig. 3 in Phaeosphspirone (1/1 ), a pair of unique polyketide enantiomers with an unusual 6/5/5/6 tetracyclic ring from the desert plant endophytic fungus Phaeosphaeriaceae sp.

Fig. 3. Top ten phaeosphspirone (1/1′) candidates generated by ACD/Structure Elucidator.

Fig. 2. Key 2 D in Phaeosphspirone (1/1 ), a pair of unique polyketide enantiomers with an unusual 6/5/5/6 tetracyclic ring from the desert plant endophytic fungus Phaeosphaeriaceae sp.

Fig. 2. Key 2 D-NMR correlations and NOE spectral analysis of phaeosphspirone.

Fig. 5 in Undescribed diphenyl ethers betaethrins A-I from a desert plant endophytic strain of the fungus Phoma betae A.B. Frank (Didymellaceae)

Fig. 5. Proposed biosynthesis of compounds 1-10.

Fig. 2 in Undescribed diphenyl ethers betaethrins A-I from a desert plant endophytic strain of the fungus Phoma betae A.B. Frank (Didymellaceae)

Fig. 2. Key HMBC correlations and revisions of the previous report of 1.

Fig. 1 in Undescribed diphenyl ethers betaethrins A-I from a desert plant endophytic strain of the fungus Phoma betae A.B. Frank (Didymellaceae)

Fig. 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1-10.

Fig. 4. 1H–1H in Undescribed diphenyl ethers betaethrins A-I from a desert plant endophytic strain of the fungus Phoma betae A.B. Frank (Didymellaceae)

Fig. 4. 1H–1H COSY and key HMBC correlations of 2, 5 and 8.

Fig. 3 in Undescribed diphenyl ethers betaethrins A-I from a desert plant endophytic strain of the fungus Phoma betae A.B. Frank (Didymellaceae)

Fig. 3. Crystal structure of 1 and empirical rule (shielding effect).