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Fig. 6 in Divergence Of Populaitions Of Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla Flava, And Citrine Wagtail, Motacilla Citreola (Motacillidae, Passeriformes), In The Middle Volga Of Russia
Fig. 6. Phylogenetic tree species Motacilla citreola, built on the basis of genetic analysis of the gene sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I in the program JalView, method Average Distance (weighted average).
Gene expression in male and female sticklebacks from populations with convergent and divergent throat coloration
<p class="MsoNormal">Understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying variation in sexual dichromatism remains limited, especially for carotenoid-based colors. We addressed this knowledge gap in a gene expression study with threespine stickleback. We compared male and female throat tissues across five populations, including two in which female red coloration has evolved convergently. We found that the expression of individual genes, gene ontologies, and coexpression networks associated with red female color within a population differed between California and British Columbia populations, suggesting differences in underlying mechanisms. Comparing females from each of these populations to females from populations dominated by dull females, we again found extensive expression differences. For each population, genes and networks associated with female red color showed the same patterns for males only inconsistently. The functional roles of genes showing correlated expression with female color are unclear within populations, whereas genes highlighted through inter-population comparisons include some previously suggested to function in carotenoid pathways. Among these, the most consistent patterns involved <em>TTC39B</em> (Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 39B), which is within a known red coloration QTL in stickleback and implicated in red coloration in other taxa.</p>
Adaptation to environmental temperature in divergent clades of the nematode Pristionchus pacificus
<p><span>Because of ongoing climate change, populations of organisms are being subjected to stressful temperatures more often. This is especially problematic for ectothermic organisms, which are likely to be more sensitive to changes in temperature. Therefore, we need to know if ectotherms have adapted to environmental temperature and, if so, what are the evolutionary mechanisms behind such adaptation. Here, we use the nematode <em>Pristionchus pacificus</em> as a case study to investigate thermal adaptation on the Indian Ocean island of La Réunion, which experiences a range of temperatures from coast to summit. We study the evolution of high temperature tolerance by constructing a phylogenetic tree of strains collected from many different thermal niches. We show that populations of <em>P. pacificus</em> at low altitudes have higher fertility at warmer temperatures. Most likely, this phenotype has arisen recently and at least twice independently, consistent with parallel evolution. We also studied low temperature tolerance and showed that populations from high altitudes have increased their fertility at cooler temperatures. </span><span>Together, these data indicate that <em>P. pacificus</em> strains on La Réunion are subject to divergent selection, adapting to hot and cold niches at the coast and summit of the volcano.</span><span> </span><span>Precisely defining these thermal niches provides essential information for models that predict the impact of future climate change on these populations.</span></p>
Gene expression plasticity, genetic variation and fatty acid remodelling in divergent populations of a tropical bivalve species: lipid profiles
<p><span>Ocean warming challenges marine organisms' resilience, especially for species experiencing temperatures close to their upper thermal limits. A potential increase in thermal tolerance might significantly reduce the risk of population decline, which is intrinsically linked to variability in local habitat temperatures.</span></p> <p><span>Our goal was to assess the plastic and genetic potential of response to elevated temperatures in a tropical bivalve model, <em>Pinctada margaritifera</em>. We benefit from two ecotypes for which local environmental conditions are characterized by either large diurnal variations in the tide-pools (Marquesas archipelago) or lower mean temperature with stable to moderate seasonal variations (Gambier archipelago).</span><br><br><span>We explored the physiological basis of individual responses to elevated temperature<em>, </em>genetic divergence as well as plasticity and acclimation by combining lipidomic and transcriptomic approaches.</span><br><br><span>We show that <em>P. margaritifera</em> has certain capacities to adjust to long-term elevated temperatures that was thus far largely underestimated. Genetic variation across populations overlaps with gene expression and involves the mitochondrial respiration machinery, a central physiological process that contributes to species thermal sensitivity and their distribution ranges.</span><br><br><span>Our results present evidence for acclimation potential in <em>P. margaritifera</em> and urge for longer term studies to assess populations resilience in face of climate change.</span></p>
Experimental test of selection against hybridization as a driver of avian signal divergence
<p><span>Signal divergence may be pivotal in the generation and maintenance of new biodiversity by allowing closely related species to avoid some costs of co-occurrence. In birds, closely related, sympatric species are more divergent in their colour patterns than those that live apart, but the selective pressures driving this pattern remain unclear. Traditionally, signal divergence among sympatric species is thought to result from selection against hybridization, but broad evidence is lacking. Here, we conducted field experiments on na</span><span>ï</span><span>ve birds using spectrometer-matched, painted 3D-printed models to test whether selection against hybridization drives colour pattern divergence in the genus Poecile. To address selection for male colour pattern divergence without the influence of learning or the evolution of female discrimination in sympatry, we simulated secondary contact between Poecile species, and conducted mate choice experiments on naïve, allopatric females. We found that female black-capped chickadees (<em>P. atricapillus</em>) are equally likely to perform copulation solicitation displays to sympatric and allopatric heterospecific congeners when they are paired with conspecifics, but exhibit a strong preference for less divergent males when presented with paired heterospecific congeners. These results suggest that increased colour pattern divergence among sympatric species can reduce the likelihood of mixed mating in some contexts, and therefore should be favoured by selection against hybridization.</span></p>
Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids
<p><span>Aim:</span><span> "Where and why does a species exist" is a fundamental question in ecology. However, the actual range limits of alpine plant species are largely unexplored and unexplained. We aim at identifying the low temperature range limits of the two most abundant alpine graminoid species on acidic soils that intermingle in mosaics of high-elevation habitats across the European Alps.</span></p> <p><span>Location:</span><span> Alpine grasslands in the Swiss Alps.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon:</span><span> Carex curvula (Cyperaceae) and Nardus stricta (Poaceae), named by the genus name hereafter.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> Carex </span><span>and Nardus clearly segregated across different microsites. Season length, growing degree hours and soil chemistry (pH, C/N-ratio, phosphorus) did not demarcate the two species' ranges, while their distribution was strongly affected by soil minimum temperature in winter. Carex occurred at sites with and without protecting snow cover and resisted low soil temperatures (-13 °C). Nardus was absent at microsites with snow cover duration less than 5 months and soil minimum temperatures below -5 °C. During the growing season, leaves of Carex had a higher freezing resistance with LT50 of -16.1 °C than those of Nardus with LT50 of -13.3 °C (LT50: lethal temperature for 50% of the tissue). Tetrazolium staining in shoots also revealed a higher freezing resistance in Carex compared to Nardus, and shoot apices tolerated lowest temperatures: Carex -30 °C, Nardus -24 °C. Though, a vital shoot apex alone did not ensure regrowth after winter. Regrowth after severe frost events requires intact vessels and roots, all less freezing tolerant than apical meristems and young leaves.</span></p> <p><span>Main conclusions:</span><span> The cold range limits of these widespread alpine graminoid species are evidently set by thermal extremes in winter. Microtopography, thus snow distribution pattern, in concert with the species' freezing resistance explains the cold edge of the fundamental niche of these two species.</span></p>
Supplementary Data of "Introgression between highly divergent sea squirt genomes: an adaptive breakthrough?"
<p><strong>Datasets used in the analyses (see Table S5 for a detailed description).</strong></p> <p>► Dataset #1: phased SNPs with offspring.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_phased_phasedBeagle.vcf<br> ► Dataset #2: all SNPs with missing data.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_parents_oNA5.vcf<br> ► Dataset #3a: phased SNPs.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_phased_phasedBeagle_parents.vcf<br> ► Dataset #3b: CDS version of “phased SNPs”.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_phased_phasedBeagle_parents_SNP_CHRall.orf.cds<br> ► Dataset #3c: FASTA version of “phased SNPs”.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_phased_phasedBeagle_parents_SNP_chr5.sub_${START}-${END}.fasta<br> ► Dataset #4: ancestry informative phased SNPs.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_phased_phasedBeagle_parents.frq.fixed.vcf<br> ► Dataset #5: all SNPs.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_parents_oNA.vcf<br> ► Dataset #6: all polarized SNPs.<br> joint_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_recal_variants_refine_HQ_denovo_Oad18ad31ad2.clean.biallelic.noindels_filter_parents_raw_refine_HQ_edwardsi_oNA3_polar.vcf<br> ► Dataset #7: unfiltered mapping files.<br> ciona_bwa-mapping_${IND}_bwa_mem_mdup_IR_chromosome5:700000-1500000_sorted_nodup.bam</p>
Data from: Evolutionary divergence via sexual selection acting on females in a species with sex role reversal
<p>1. There is much evidence that sexual selection drives the evolutionary divergence of male sexual traits, but little is known of females.</p> <p>2. Comparisons between neutral genetic divergence (FST) and phenotypic divergence (PST) among populations can reveal evolutionary responses to selection.</p> <p>3. In the bushcricket <em>Kawanaphila nartee</em>, changes in floral food availability cause sex roles to shift from competitive females and choosy males to choosy females and competitive males midway through the breeding season. Males call to attract females, and female auditory spiracle size is under sexual selection. We ask whether selection on females can drive an evolutionary divergence in auditory spiracle size among populations.</p> <p>4. We sampled 188 individuals from nine geographic locations and analysed 9,478 neutral SNP loci and two phenotypic characters to estimate FST and PST, respectively.</p> <p>5. We found that PST for female auditory spiracle size far exceeded the global FST, suggesting that female auditory spiracle size is subject to strong directional selection. We relate differences in phenotypic traits to differences in geological and floristic characteristics among the sites.</p> <p>6. Our data suggest that variation in sexual selection driven by variation in the floristic community on which this species feeds may contribute to the strength of directional selection acting on female <em>K. nartee</em> among populations.</p> <p>7. Together, these findings indicate that divergence among populations can be driven by sexual selection acting on females, even when that selection is temporary and circumscribed.</p>
Supplementary Information of "Introgression between highly divergent sea squirt genomes: an adaptive breakthrough?"
<p><strong>Supplementary Figures</strong></p> <p><strong>Figure S1</strong> Population genetic statistics calculated in non-overlapping 10 Kb windows along the 14 chromosomes in the sea squirt genome.<br> <strong>Figure S2</strong> <em>C. robusta</em> introgression into <em>C. intestinalis</em> shown across the 14 chromosomes.<br> <strong>Figure S3</strong> Population genetic statistics of the <em>C. robusta</em> introgressed coding sequences.<br> <strong>Figure S4 </strong>ABBA-BABA introgression patterns using<em> C. edwardsi </em>as an outgroup.<br> <strong>Figure S5</strong> Inference of the divergence history between <em>C. robusta</em> and <em>C. intestinalis</em> with moments.<br> <strong>Figure S6 </strong>Selection tests.<br> <strong>Figure S7 </strong><em>C. robusta</em> ancestry along chromosome 5 in <em>C. intestinalis</em> individuals.<br> <strong>Figure S8</strong> Neighbor-joining trees of 50 Kb windows framing the “missing data region” (grey band) at the center of the chromosome 5 hotspot.<br> <strong>Figure S9</strong> Copy number variation at candidate SNPs in the introgression hotspot on chromosome 5 (700 Kb - 1.5 Mb).<br> <strong>Figure S10</strong> Structural analysis of the “missing data region” on chromosome 5 (from 1,009,000 to 1,055,000 bp).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Tables</strong></p> <p><strong>Table S1</strong> Sample information.<br> <strong>Table S2 </strong>Correlation between chromosomes of the individual <em>C. robusta </em>ancestry fraction.<br> <strong>Table S3</strong> Demographic results with moments – excluding chromosome 5.<br> <strong>Table S4</strong> Demographic results with moments – including chromosome 5.<br> <strong>Table S5 </strong>Description of the Supplementary Data.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Scripts</strong></p> <p><em>Bioinformatic pipeline used for genotyping and haplotyping.</em></p> <p><strong>Script #1</strong>: prepare the reference genome for BWA and GATK.<br> reference_bwa_GATK_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #2</strong>: mapping the reads to the reference with BWA.<br> mapping_bwa-mem_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #3</strong>: indel realignment with GATK.<br> indel_realignment_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #4</strong>: individual variant calling in gVCF format with GATK.<br> snpindel_callingGVCF_raw_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #5</strong>: joint genotyping with GATK.<br> joint_genotyping_raw_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #6</strong>: genotype refinement with GATK.<br> genotype_refinement_raw_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #7</strong>: SNPs and indels recalibration with GATK.<br> snpindel_recalibration_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #8</strong>: genotype refinement after recalibration with GATK.<br> genotype_refinement_recal_CF.sh<br> <strong>Script #9</strong>: genotype correction.<br> phase_by_transmission_correctCalling_CF@2020.sh<br> <strong>Script #10</strong>: phasing with GATK and BEAGLE.<br> phase_by_transmission_clean_CF@2020.sh</p> <p><em>Pipeline used for the demographic inferences with moments.</em></p> <p><strong>Script #11</strong>: define the demographic models.<br> moments_models_2pop_bb_parallel_folded_2periods.py<br> <strong>Script #12</strong>: run the demographic inferences.<br> moments_inference_dualanneal_bb_parallel_folded_2periods_bounds.py</p>
Genomic variation in the Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens) suggests divergence in a disjunct Atlantic Coastal Plain population (S. v. waynei)
<p>We used whole-genome resequencing to estimate genetic distinctiveness in the Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens)—including S. v. waynei—a putative subspecies that occupies a narrow disjunct breeding range along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Despite detecting low-global differentiation (FST = 0.027) across the entire species, the principal components analysis of genome-wide differences shows the main axis of variation separates S. v. waynei from all other S. v. virens samples. We also estimated a low-migration rate for S. v. waynei, but found them to be most similar to another disjunct population from the Piedmont of North Carolina, and detected evidence of a historical north-to-south geographic dispersal among the entire species. New World wood warblers (family: Parulidae) can exhibit strong phenotypic differences among species, particularly, in song and plumage; however, within-species variation in these warblers—often designated as subspecies—is much more subtle. The existence of several isolated Black-throated Green Warbler populations across its eastern North American breeding range offers an excellent opportunity to further understand the origin, maintenance, and conservation status of subspecific populations. Our results, combined with previously documented ecological and morphological distinctiveness, support that S. v. waynei be considered a distinct and recognized subspecies worthy of targeted conservation efforts.</p>
Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT
Data from: Biodiversity patterns diverge along geographic temperature gradients
<p>Models applying space-for-time substitution, including those projecting ecological responses to climate change, generally assume an elevational and latitudinal equivalence that is rarely tested. However, a mismatch may lead to different capacities for providing climatic refuge to dispersing species. We compiled community data on zooplankton, ectothermic animals that form the consumer basis of most aquatic food webs, from over 1,200 mountain lakes and ponds across western North America to assess biodiversity along geographic temperature gradients spanning nearly 3,750 metres of elevation and 30 degrees latitude. Species richness, phylogenetic relationships, and functional diversity all showed contrasting responses across gradients, with richness metrics plateauing at low elevations but exhibiting intermediate latitudinal maxima. The nonmonotonic/hump-shaped diversity trends with latitude emerged from geographic interactions, including weaker latitudinal relationships at higher elevations (i.e. in alpine lakes) linked to different underlying drivers. Here, divergent patterns of phylogenetic and functional trait dispersion indicate shifting roles of environmental filters and limiting similarity in the assembly of communities with increasing elevation and latitude. We further tested whether gradients showed common responses to warmer temperatures and found that mean annual (but not seasonal) temperatures predicted elevational richness patterns but failed to capture consistent trends with latitude, meaning that predictions of how climate change will influence diversity also differ between gradients. Contrasting responses to elevation- and latitude-driven warming suggest different limits on climatic refugia and likely greater barriers to northward range expansion.</p>
Figure 5. Bayesian phylogeny, with species divergence age estimates reconstructed with BEAST using all the 26 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains
Figure 5. Bayesian phylogeny, with species divergence age estimates reconstructed with BEAST using all the 26 mitochondrial genomes generated in this study. The dataset was supplemented with Thyropygus sp. and Abacion magnum as outgroups, derived from GenBank. GenBank accession numbers are provided in parentheses. Blue bars indicate the 95% highest probability density intervals for node ages. Age estimation for lineage divergence was based on a general arthropod mitochondrial DNA substitution rate and should be considered with caution. *Thyropygus sp. (red font) is very likely to be a misidentification; for more information, see the Discussion.
Figure 4. Approximate distributions and associated divergence times for A in Mitochondrial Dna Sequence Data Indicate Evidence For Multiple Species Within Peromyscus Maniculatus
Figure 4. Approximate distributions and associated divergence times for A) Peromyscus maniculatus-like ancestor; B) P. melanotis-like ancestor; C) P. gambelii/keeni/sejugis/sp.-like ancestor; D) P. polionotus-like ancestor; E) P. sonoriensis-like ancestor; F) P. labecula and P. maniculatus - like ancestor; G) P. keeni/sp.-like ancestor; and H) P. keeni-like, P. gambelii-like, P. sejugis-like, and P. sp.-like ancestors. Divergence times were estimated from the BEAST analysis (Version 2.4, Bouckaert et al. 2014) of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene dataset (see Fig. 3). Shading schemes that correspond to species distributions are shown in the inset.
G-matrix stability of clinally diverging populations of an annual weed
<p>How phenotypic and genetic divergence among populations is influenced by the genetic architecture of those traits, and how microevolutionary changes in turn affect the within-population patterns of genetic variation, are of major interest to evolutionary biology. Work on <em>Ipomoea hederacea</em>, an annual vine, has found genetic clines in the means of a suite of ecologically important traits, including flowering time, growth rate, seed mass, and corolla width. Here we investigate the genetic (co)variances of these clinally varying traits in two northern range-edge and two central populations of <em>Ipomoea hederacea </em>to evaluate the influence of the genetic architecture on divergence across the range. We find 1) limited evidence for clear differentiation between Northern and Southern populations in the structure of <strong>G</strong>, suggesting overall stability of <strong>G</strong> across the range despite mean trait divergence and 2) that the axes of greatest variation (g<sub>max</sub>) were unaligned with the axis of greatest multivariate divergence. Together these results indicate the role of the quantitative genetic architecture in constraining evolutionary response and divergence among populations across the geographic range.</p>
Complex cycles of divergence and migration shape lineage structure in the common kingsnake species complex
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The Nearctic is a complex patchwork of habitats and geologic features that form barriers to gene flow resulting in phylogeographic structure and speciation in many lineages. Habitats are rarely stable over geologic time, and the Nearctic has undergone major climatic changes in the past few million years. We use the common kingsnake species complex to study how climate, geography, and history influence lineage formation over a large, complex landscape.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Nearctic/North America</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Common kingsnake, <em>Lampropeltis getula, </em>species complex</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We analyzed genome-wide sequence data from 51 snakes spanning the majority of the species complex's range. We used population clustering, generalized dissimilarity modeling, and coalescent methods to identify the number of genetic clusters within the <em>L. getula </em>complex, infer the environmental correlates of genetic differentiation, and estimate models of divergence and gene flow among lineages.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We identified three major lineages within the <em>L. getula </em>complex and further continuous spatial structure within lineages. The most important ecological correlates of genetic distance in the complex are related to aridity and precipitation, consistent with lineage breaks at the Great Plains/Desert ecotone and the Cochise Filter Barrier. Lineages are estimated to have undergone multiple rounds of isolation and secondary contact, with highly asymmetric migration occurring at present.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Changing climates combined with a large and geologically complex landscape have resulted in a mosaic of discrete and spatially continuous genetic structure. Multiple rounds of isolation and secondary contact as climate fluctuated over the past ~4.4 My have likely driven the evolution of discrete lineages that maintain high levels of gene flow. Continuous structure is strongly shaped by aridity and precipitation, suggesting roles for major precipitation gradients in helping to maintain lineage identity in the face of gene flow when lineages are in geographic contact.</p>
Phylogeny and divergence time estimation of Io moths and relatives (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Automeris)
<p>The saturniid moth genus <em>Automeris</em> includes 145 described species. Their geographic distribution ranges from the eastern half of North America to as far south as Peru. <em>Automeri</em>s moths are cryptically colored and their forewings resemble dead leaves, with conspicuously colored, elaborate eyespots hidden on their hindwings. Despite their charismatic nature, the evolutionary history and relationships within <em>Automeris</em> and between closely related genera, remain poorly understood. In this study, we present the most comprehensive phylogeny of <em>Automeris</em> to date, including 80 of the 145 described species. We also incorporate two morphologically similar hemileucine genera, <em>Pseudautomeris</em> and <em>Leucanella</em>, as well as a morphologically distinct genus, <em>Molippa</em>. We obtained DNA data from both dry-pinned and ethanol-stored museum specimens and conducted Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) sequencing to reconstruct a high-quality dataset for phylogenetic analysis. The resulting phylogeny supports <em>Automeris</em> as a paraphyletic genus, with <em>Leucanella</em> and <em>Pseudautomeris</em> nested within, with the most recent common ancestor dating back to 21 mya. This study lays the foundation for future research on various aspects of <em>Automeris</em> biology, including anti-predator defense mechanisms, ecological adaptations, geographical distribution patterns, and potential drivers of speciation.</p>
Chromosomal inversions from an initial ecotypic divergence drive a gradual repeated radiation of Galápagos beetles
<p>Island faunas exhibit some of the most iconic examples where similar forms repeatedly evolve within different islands. Yet, whether these deterministic evolutionary trajectories within islands are driven by an initial, singular divergence and the subsequent exchange of individuals and adaptive genetic variation between islands remains unclear. Here, we address this issue using a gradual, repeated evolution of low-dispersive highland ecotypes from a dispersive lowland ecotype of <em>Calosoma</em> beetles along the island progression of the Galápagos. We show that repeated highland adaptation involved selection on multiple shared alleles within extensive chromosomal inversions that originated from an initial adaptation event on the oldest island. These highland inversions first spread through dispersal of highland individuals. Subsequent admixture with the widely distributed lowland ecotype resulted in polymorphic dispersive populations from which the highland populations evolved on the youngest islands. Our findings emphasize the significance of an ancient divergence in driving repeated evolution and highlight how a mixed contribution of inter-island colonization and within-island evolution can shape parallel species communities on islands.</p>
Selection drives divergence of eye morphology in sympatric Heliconius butterflies
<p>When populations experience different sensory conditions, natural selection may favor sensory system divergence, affecting peripheral structures and/or downstream neural pathways. We characterized the outer eye morphology of sympatric <em>Heliconius</em> species from different forest types and their first-generation reciprocal hybrids to test for adaptive visual system divergence and hybrid disruption. In Panama, <em>Heliconius cydno </em>occurs in closed forests, whereas <em>Heliconius melpomene </em>resides at the forest edge. Among wild individuals, <em>H. cydno</em> has larger eyes than <em>H. melpomene</em>, and there are heritable, habitat-associated differences in the visual brain structures that exceed neutral divergence expectations. Notably, hybrids have intermediate neural phenotypes, suggesting disruption. To test for similar effects in the visual periphery, we reared both species and their hybrids in common garden conditions. We confirm that <em>H. cydno</em> has larger eyes and provide new evidence that this is driven by selection. Hybrid eye morphology is more <em>H. melpomene</em>-like despite body size being intermediate, contrasting with neural trait intermediacy. Overall, our results suggest that eye morphology differences between <em>H. cydno</em> and <em>H. melpomene</em> are adaptive, and that hybrids may suffer fitness costs due to a mismatch between the peripheral visual structures and previously described neural traits that could affect visual performance.</p>
Data for: Selection on the joint action of pairs leads to divergent adaptation and coadaptation of care-giving parents during pre-hatching care
<p>The joint actions of animals in partnerships or social groups evolve under both natural selection, from the wider environment, and social selection, imposed by other members of the pair or group. We used experimental evolution to investigate how jointly expressed actions evolve upon exposure to a new environmental challenge. Our work focused on the evolution of carrion nest preparation by pairs of burying beetles <em>Nicrophorus vespilloides</em>, a joint activity undertaken by the pair but typically led by the male. In previous work, we found that carrion nest preparation evolved to be faster in experimental populations without post-hatching care (No Care lines) than with post-hatching care (Full Care lines). Here we investigate how this joint activity evolved. After 15 generations of experimental evolution, we created heterotypic pairs (No Care females with Full Care males, and No Care males with Full Care females) and compared their carrion nest making with homotypic No Care and Full Care pairs. We found that pairs with No Care males prepared the nest more rapidly than pairs with Full Care males, regardless of the female's line of origin. We discuss how social coadaptations within pairs or groups could act as a post-mating barrier to gene flow.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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