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FIG. 7. — Turanophlebia vitimensis n in A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insecta, Odonatoptera, Panodonata)

FIG. 7. — Turanophlebia vitimensis n. sp., holotype (PIN 2361/1); A, imprint; B, right fore wing; C, left fore wing; D, left hind wing; E, F, apex of the abdomen; E, counterimprint; F, imprint. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D-F, 5 mm; C, 3 mm.

FIG. 6. — Turanophlebia mongolica n in A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insecta, Odonatoptera, Panodonata)

FIG. 6. — Turanophlebia mongolica n. sp.; A, holotype (PIN 3559/69); B, holotype, reconstruction of hind wing. Scale bar: A, 10 mm; B, 5 mm.

FIG. 2. — Tarsophlebia minor n in A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insecta, Odonatoptera, Panodonata)

FIG. 2. — Tarsophlebia minor n. sp., holotype (No. 55, coll. Carpenter, MCZ), left hind wing. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 1 in A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insecta, Odonatoptera, Panodonata)

FIG. 1. — Tarsophlebia eximia (Hagen, 1862); A, male specimen (SOS 1720, JME), secondary genital apparatus; B, male holotype (BSPGM AS-VI-44b), counterpart, right hind leg; C, male (No. 6129, coll. Carpenter, MCZ), head; D, male (No. 6222, coll. Carpenter, MCZ), male genital appendage. Scale bars: A, B, D, 5 mm; C, 10 mm.

FIG. 5. — Turanophlebia anglicana n in A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insecta, Odonatoptera, Panodonata)

FIG. 5. — Turanophlebia anglicana n. sp., holotype (No. 018531, Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton, UK); A, complete wing, other wing is that of a Libelluloidae; B, reconstruction of the hind wing; C, detail of hind wing nodus. Abbreviations: Ax1, Ax2, primary antenodal cross-veins; CuP, Cubitus Posterior; IR2, intercalary vein of radial area; MA, Median Anterior. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 5 mm; C, 1 mm.

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What you sample is what you get: ecomorphological variation in Trithemis (Odonata, Libellulidae) dragonfly wings reconsidered

Abstract Background The phylogenetic ecology of the Afro-Asian dragonfly genus Trithemis has been investigated previously by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870–882, 2010) and wing ecomorphology by Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866–1874, 2013). However, the latter investigation employed a somewhat coarse sampling of forewing and hindwing outlines and reported results that were at odds in some ways with expectations given the mapping of landscape and water-body preference over the Trithemis cladogram produced by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870–882, 2010). To further explore the link between species-specific wing shape variation and habitat we studied a new sample of 27 Trithemis species employing a more robust statistical test for phylogenetic covariation, more comprehensive representations of Trithemis wing morphology and a wider range of morphometric data-analysis procedures. Results Contrary to the Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866–1874, 2013) report, our results indicate that no statistically significant pattern of phylogenetic covariation exists in our Trithemis forewing and hindwing data and that both male and female wing datasets exhibit substantial shape differences between species that inhabit open and forested landscapes and species that hunt over temporary/standing or running water bodies. Among the morphometric analyses performed, landmark data and geometric morphometric data-analysis methods yielded the worst performance in identifying ecomorphometric shape distinctions between Trithemis habitat guilds. Direct analysis of wing images using an embedded convolution (deep learning) neural network delivered the best performance. Bootstrap and jackknife tests of group separations and discriminant-function stability confirm that our results are not artifacts of overtrained discriminant systems or the "curse of dimensionality" despite the modest size of our sample. Conclusion Our results suggest that Trithemis wing morphology reflects the environment's "push" to a much greater extent than phylogeny's "pull". In addition, they indicate that close attention should be paid to the manner in which morphologies are sampled for morphometric analysis and, if no prior information is available to guide sampling strategy, the sample that most comprehensively represents the morphologies of interest should be obtained. In many cases this will be digital images (2D) or scans (3D) of the entire morphology or morphological feature rather than sparse sets of landmark/semilandmark point locations.

Figure 10 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 10. Rhyothemis phyllis ixias from coastal marsh site near Labuan Bajo, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: (A, D) females (RMBH: dried specimens; scale bar = 5 mm); (B, E) tip of abdomen of the females; and (C, F) head of the females (frontal view).

Figure 8 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 8. Neurothemis terminata from coastal marsh site near Labuan Bajo, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: (A) male, and (C) female (RMBH: dried specimens; scale bar = 5 mm); (B) anal appendages of the male (lateral view); and (D) tip of the female abdomen (lateral view).

Figure 7 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 7. Neurothemis intermedia excelsa from coastal marsh site near Labuan Bajo, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: (A) female (RMBH: dried specimen; scale bar = 5 mm); and (B) tip of abdomen of the female.

Figure 5 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 5. Orthetrum sabina from Sano Ngoang Lake, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: (A) male, and (C) female (RMBH: ethanol-preserved specimens; scale bar = 5 mm); (B) anal appendages of the male (lateral view); and (D) tip of the female abdomen (lateral view).

Figure 4 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 4. Xiphiagrion cyanomelas from Sano Ngoang Lake, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: (A, C) male, and (E) female (RMBH: ethanol-preserved specimens; scale bar = 5 mm); (B, D) anal appendages of the males (dorsal view); and (F) tip of the female abdomen (lateral view).

Figure 3 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 3. Agriocnemis pygmaea from Sano Ngoang Lake, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: (A) teneral male, and (C) adult female (RMBH: ethanol-preserved specimens; scale bar = 5 mm); (B) anal appendages of the male (dorsal view); and (D) tip of the female abdomen (lateral view).

Figure 2 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 2. Examples of extreme habitats on Flores and Kanawa islands (Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia). (A) Sano Ngoang Lake on Flores Island. This highly acidic, slightly brackish lake supports viable populations of Orthetrum sabina, Agriocnemis pygmaea, and Xiphiagrion cyanomelas. (Photo: Wiwin Windari Petersen). (B) Coastal marsh near Labuan Bajo on Flores Island. Habitat of Diplacodes trivialis, Neurothemis intermedia excelsa, N. terminata, Pantala flavescens, and Rhyothemis phyllis ixias. (Photo: Yulia S. Kolosova). (C) Dry grass savanna with Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) near the foothill on Kanawa Island (waterless during dry season). Site of Pantala flavescens occurrence (vagrant specimen). (Photo: Yulia S. Kolosova).

Figure 6 in Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago: New occurrences in extreme environments and an island-level checklist of this group

Figure 6. Diplacodes trivialis from coastal marsh site near Labuan Bajo, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia: (A, C) females (RMBH: dried specimens; scale bar = 5 mm); and (B, D) tip of abdomen of the females.

Fig. 5 in Nannophya koreana sp. nov. (Odonata: Libellulidae): A new dragonfly species previously recognized in Korea as the endangered pygmy dragonfly Nannophya pygmaea Rambur

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree based on 32 mitochondrial COI gene sequences of the Nannophya pygmaea species group from nine regions in Northeast and Southeast Asia. Sequences generated by the present study are shown in bold. Branch values indicate neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support values, respectively. Tree topology and branch lengths reflect the results of NJ analysis. Asterisks (*) indicate branches not supported by ML analysis, and dashes (-) indicate support values of less than 50.

Fig. 3 in Nannophya koreana sp. nov. (Odonata: Libellulidae): A new dragonfly species previously recognized in Korea as the endangered pygmy dragonfly Nannophya pygmaea Rambur

Fig. 3. Nannophya koreana habitat in Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea (A-E): A. landscape of abandoned rice field; B. habitat with abundant aquatic plants (Persicaria thunbergii); C. male adult at habitat; D. female adult at habitat; E. immature male adult at habitat; F. nymph (from Muuido, Incheon, Korea).

Fig. 2 in Nannophya koreana sp. nov. (Odonata: Libellulidae): A new dragonfly species previously recognized in Korea as the endangered pygmy dragonfly Nannophya pygmaea Rambur

Fig. 2. Nannophya pygmaea: A. male adult, dorsal; B. male adult, lateral; C. female adult, dorsal; D. female adult, dorsolateral; E. male anal appendages, dorsal; F. male anal appendages, dorsolateral; G. male anal appendages, lateral. A, B: bar = 10 mm; E-G: bar = 0.5 mm; aap = anal appendage; sat = superior apical teeth; slst = synthorax lateral stripe.

Fig. 1 in Nannophya koreana sp. nov. (Odonata: Libellulidae): A new dragonfly species previously recognized in Korea as the endangered pygmy dragonfly Nannophya pygmaea Rambur

Fig. 1. Nannophya koreana: A. male adult, dorsal; B. male adult, lateral; C. female adult, dorsal; D. female adult, lateral; E. male anal appendages, dorsal; F. male anal appendages, lateral. A-D: bar = 10 mm; E, F: bar = 0.3 mm; aap = anal appendage; iat = inferior apical teeth; sat = superior apical teeth; slst = synthorax lateral stripe.