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193 results for “ectomycorrhizal”
A group of ectomycorrhizal fungi restricts organic matter accumulation in boreal forest
<p>Boreal forest soils are important global carbon sinks, with significant storage in the organic topsoil. Decomposition of these stocks requires oxidative enzymes, uniquely produced by fungi. Across Swedish boreal forests, we found that local carbon storage in the organic topsoil was 33% lower in the presence of a group of closely related species of ectomycorrhizal fungi – <i>Cortinarius acutus</i> s.l.. This observation challenges the prevailing view that ectomycorrhizal fungi generally act to increase carbon storage in soils but supports the idea that certain ectomycorrhizal fungi can complement free-living decomposers, maintaining organic matter turnover, nutrient cycling and tree productivity under nutrient-poor conditions. The indication that a narrow group of fungi may exert a major influence on carbon cycling questions the prevailing dogma of functional redundancy among microbial decomposers. <i>Cortinarius acutus</i> s.l.<i> </i>responds negatively to stand-replacing disturbance, and associated population declines are likely to increase soil carbon sequestration while impeding long-term nutrient cycling.</p>
Nutrient trade-offs mediated by ectomycorrhizal strategies in plants: Evidence from an Abies species in subalpine forest
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is an evolutionary biological trait of higher plants for effective nutrient uptakes. However, little is known that how the formation and morphological differentiations of ECM roots mediate the nutrients of below- and aboveground plant tissues and the balance among nutrient elements across environmental gradients. Here we investigated the effects of ECM foraging strategies on root and foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratio Abies faxoniana under variations of climate and soil conditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. The ECM symbionts preferentially mediated P uptake under both N and P limitations. The uptake efficiency of N and P was primarily associated with the ECM root traits, e.g., ECM root tip density, superficial area of ECM root tips, the ratio of living to dead root tips, and was affected by the ECM proliferations and morphological differentiations. The tissue N and P concentrations were positively associated with the abundance of the contact exploration type, and negatively with that of the short-distance exploration type.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Our findings indicate that the nutritional status of both below- and aboveground plant tissues can be strongly affected by ECM symbiosis in natural environments. Variations in the ECM strategies in response to varying environmental conditions significantly influence plant nutrient uptakes and trade-offs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Archive data supporting the results in the paper: Long-term soil warming alters fine root dynamics and morphology, and their ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a temperate forest soil"
<p><span>Climate warming is predicted to affect temperate forests severely, but the response of fine roots, key to plant nutrition, water uptake, soil carbon and nutrient cycling is unclear. Understanding how fine roots will respond to increasing temperature is a prerequisite for predicting the functioning of forests in a warmer climate. We studied the response of fine roots and their ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal and root-associated bacterial communities to soil warming by 4 °C in a mixed spruce-beech forest in the Austrian Limestone Alps after 8 and 14 years of soil warming, respectively. Fine root biomass (FRB) and fine root production were 17% and 128% higher in the warmed plots, respectively, after 14 years. The increase in FRB (13%) was not significant after 8 years of treatment, whereas specific root length, specific root area, and root tip density were significantly higher in warmed plots at both sampling occasions. Soil warming did not affect EcM exploration types and diversity, but changed their community composition, with an increase in the relative abundance of <em>Cenoccocum</em> at 0 – 10 cm soil depth, a drought-stress tolerant genus, and an increase in short and long-distance exploration types like <em>Sebacina </em>and <em>Boletus </em>at 10 – 20 cm soil depth. Warming increased the root-associated bacterial diversity but did not affect their community composition. Soil warming did not affect nutrient concentrations of fine roots, though we found indications of limited soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) availability. </span><span>Our findings suggest that, in the studied ecosystem, global warming could persistently increase soil carbon inputs due to accelerated fine root growth and turnover, and could simultaneously alter fine root morphology and EcM fungal community composition towards improved nutrient foraging. </span></p>
Supplementary material 4 from: Rosenblad MA, Martín MP, Tedersoo L, Ryberg M, Larsson E, Wurzbacher C, Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH (2016) Detection of signal recognition particle (SRP) RNAs in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of three lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota). MycoKeys 13: 21-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.13.8579
SRP RNA multiple sequence alignment : Explanation note: Multiple sequence alignment with the SRP RNA sequences of Dumesic et al. (2015; Stereum hirsutum, Heterobasidion irregulare, and Heterobasidion annosum) aligned to our newly generated ITS sequences of Russula and Lactarius.
Supplementary material 3 from: Rosenblad MA, Martín MP, Tedersoo L, Ryberg M, Larsson E, Wurzbacher C, Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH (2016) Detection of signal recognition particle (SRP) RNAs in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of three lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota). MycoKeys 13: 21-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.13.8579
ITS/SRP RNA multiple sequence alignment : Explanation note: Multiple sequence alignment comprising the 63 public ITS1 sequences with SRP RNA found in them, the three newly generated sequences, and the SRP RNA sequences from Dumesic et al. (2015) (Stereum hirsutum, Heterobasidion irregulare, and Heterobasidion annosum).
Supplementary material 2 from: Rosenblad MA, Martín MP, Tedersoo L, Ryberg M, Larsson E, Wurzbacher C, Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH (2016) Detection of signal recognition particle (SRP) RNAs in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of three lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota). MycoKeys 13: 21-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.13.8579
ITS multiple sequence alignment : Explanation note: A multiple sequence alignment in the NEXUS format (Maddison et al. 1997) comprising all 63 matching ITS sequences, plus the three newly generated ones (KU356730, KU356731, and KU356732). The alignment was produced in MAFFT without manual adjustment (Katoh and Standley 2013). The alignment is composed of partial nSSU (bases 1-34 in the alignment), the full ITS1 (bases 35-678), the full 5.8S (bases 679-838), the full ITS2 (bases 839-1395), and partial nLSU (bases 1396-end). The SRP RNA occupies position 203-474 in the alignment. The alignment is provided for overview purposes only; the two-order nature of the taxa (Boletales and Russulales) coupled with the high variability of the ITS region jointly mean that the alignment will not be suited for phylogenetic inference.
Supplementary material 1 from: Rosenblad MA, Martín MP, Tedersoo L, Ryberg M, Larsson E, Wurzbacher C, Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH (2016) Detection of signal recognition particle (SRP) RNAs in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of three lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota). MycoKeys 13: 21-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.13.8579
Output from cmsearch and primers used : Explanation note: A) The output from cmsearch showing all 63 relevant matches to the three ectomycorrhizal lineages. B) Detail of the primers used to re-amplify the specimens.
High rate of gene family evolution in close proximity to the origin of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in Inocybaceae
<p>Annotations, aligned rthologoious gene sets and CAFE outputs used in the article "High rate of gene family evolution in close proximity to the origin of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in Inocybaceae."</p>
FIGURE 3 in Gyrodon suthepensis (Boletales, Basidiomycota), a new ectomycorrhizal fungus from northern Thailand and its ecomycorhizal association
FIGURE 3. Morphological and anatomical traits of Gyrodon suthepensis mycorrhizas with Betula alnoides. A. Ectomycorrhizal root tips, B. The epidermoid cells of the outer mantle layer, C. Cross section of mycorrhizal root tips showing mantle sheath (M) and Hartig net (arrow). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B and C = 10 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Gyrodon suthepensis (Boletales, Basidiomycota), a new ectomycorrhizal fungus from northern Thailand and its ecomycorhizal association
FIGURE 2. Phylogram derived from maximum likelihood analysis of the ITS region of nuclear of rDNA of 37 sequences. Suillus luteus and Sui. spraguei were used as the outgroup. The numbers above branches represent maximum likelihood bootstrap percentages (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Only bootstrap values ≥ 50 % are shown, and the scale bar represents ten substitutions per nucleotide position. The sequences obtained from this study are in bold.
FIGURE 1 in Gyrodon suthepensis (Boletales, Basidiomycota), a new ectomycorrhizal fungus from northern Thailand and its ecomycorhizal association
FIGURE 1. Phylogram derived from maximum likelihood analysis of the LSU region of nuclear of rDNA of 41 sequences. Suillus luteus and Sui. spraguei were used as the outgroup. The numbers above branches represent maximum likelihood bootstrap percentages (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Only bootstrap values ≥ 50 % are shown, and the scale bar represents ten substitutions per nucleotide position. The sequences obtained from this study are in bold.
FIGURE 4 in Gyrodon suthepensis (Boletales, Basidiomycota), a new ectomycorrhizal fungus from northern Thailand and its ecomycorhizal association
FIGURE 4. Gyrodon suthepensis (holotype). A. Basidiomes, B. Basidiospores, C. Basidia, D. Pleurocystidia, E. Cheliocystidia. Scale bars: A = 50 mm; B = 5 μm; C−E = 10 μm.
Data from: Extensive gene flow over Europe and possible speciation over Eurasia in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina complex.
Biogeographic patterns and large-scale genetic structure have been little studied in ectomycorrhizal fungi, despite the ecological and economic importance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses. We coupled population genetics and phylogenetic approaches to understand spatial structure in fungal populations on a continental scale. Using 9 microsatellite markers, we characterised gene flow among 16 populations of the widespread ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina over Europe (over 2900km). We also widened our scope to two additional populations from Japan (104 km away), and compared them with European populations through microsatellite markers and multi-locus phylogenies, using 3 nuclear genes (NAR, G6PD and ribosomal DNA) and two mitochondrial ribosomal genes. European L. amethystina populations displayed limited differentiation (average FST=0.041) and very weak isolation by distance. This panmictic European pattern may result from effective aerial dispersal of spores, high genetic diversity in populations, and mutualistic interactions with multiple hosts that all facilitate migration. The multi-locus phylogeny based on nuclear genes confirmed that Japanese and European specimens were closely related but clustered on a geographical basis. By using microsatellite markers, we found that Japanese populations were strongly differentiated from the European populations (FST=0.416), more than expected by extrapolating the European pattern of isolation by distance. Population structure analyses clearly separated the populations into two clusters, European and Japanese clusters. We discuss the possibility of isolation by distance in a continuous population (considering some evidence for a ring species over the Northern Hemisphere) versus an allopatric speciation over Eurasia, making L. amethystina a promising model of intercontinental species for future studies.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal community assembly on seedlings of a Neotropical monodominant tree
<p>Ectomycorrhizal tree species may benefit from positive plant-soil feedbacks, where soil environments near adult trees enhance conspecific seedling growth and survival. In tropical monodominant forests seedling survival is particularly important, as seedling banks help maintain stand-level dominance over generations. Positive plant-soil feedbacks may be mediated by diverse ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, which improve nutrient acquisition of heavily shaded seedlings. Despite the potential importance of these fungi, little is known about ectomycorrhizal fungal community development on seedlings of tropical monodominant trees. In Guyana, we sequentially monitored percent colonization and species composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi on an even-age cohort of seedlings of the tropical monodominant tree <i>Dicymbe corymbosa </i>(Fabaceae subfamily Detarioideae). Ectomycorrhizal fungi found on <i>D. corymbosa </i>seedlings over a twelve-month period of early development were compared to those of conspecific adults and four other ectomycorrhizal tree species in the region. Species turnover was high (80%) between six- and twelve-month-old seedlings, though the /russula-lactarius, /clavulina, and /tomentella-thelephora lineages were species-rich on seedlings at all ages. The number of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes per seedling increased with age, but extent of fungal colonization did not. Seedling ectomycorrhizal fungi were shared with sympatric conspecific adults (55%) and, to a lesser extent, regional heterospecific adults (27%), but numerous species were previously unrecorded for Guyana<i>.<b> </b></i>Over their development<b> </b><i>D. corymbosa </i>seedlings did not rely strictly on adult trees for their mycobionts but appeared to foster unique assemblages of ectomycorrhizal fungi.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus and Phlebopus portentosus, two non-ectomycorrhizal boletes from tropical China
FIGURE 4. Basidiomata of Phlebopus portentosus. (a from FHMU5934; b, c, f from FHMU753; e, g from FHMU1768; d from FHMU5936. a–c, e, f photos by N.K. Zeng; d photo by X.J. Xu.
FIGURE 1. Phylogram inferred from a in Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus and Phlebopus portentosus, two non-ectomycorrhizal boletes from tropical China
FIGURE 1. Phylogram inferred from a four-locus (rDNA 28S and ITS regions and TEF1 and RPB2) dataset using RAxML. BS ≥ 50 % and PP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above or below the branches as RAxML BS/PP. SE = southeast; SW = southwest; NE = northeast.
FIGURE 6 in Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus and Phlebopus portentosus, two non-ectomycorrhizal boletes from tropical China
FIGURE 6. Microscopic features of Phlebopus portentosus (FHMU5934). a. Basidia. b. Basidiospores. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Pleurocystidia. e. Pileipellis. f. Stipitipellis. Bars = 10 μm. Drawings by H.J. Xie.
FIGURE 5 in Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus and Phlebopus portentosus, two non-ectomycorrhizal boletes from tropical China
FIGURE 5. Microscopic features of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus (FHMU5848). a. Basidia. b. Basidiospores. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Pleurocystidia. e. Pileipellis. f. Stipitipellis. Bars = 10 μm. Drawings by H.J. Xie.
FIGURE 2. Phylogram inferred from a in Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus and Phlebopus portentosus, two non-ectomycorrhizal boletes from tropical China
FIGURE 2. Phylogram inferred from a three-locus (rDNA 28S and ITS regions and TEF1) dataset using RAxML. BS ≥ 50 % and PP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above or below the branches as RAxML BS/PP. SW = southwest.
FIGURE 3 in Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus and Phlebopus portentosus, two non-ectomycorrhizal boletes from tropical China
FIGURE 3. Habitat, basidiomata and mycelia of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus. (a, c–g, i, j from FHMU5848); b, h–i, k from FHMU5930, FHMU5930-1, FHMU5931, FHMU5933-1, FHMU5932, FHMU5932-1, FHMU5933, FHMU5933-1). b, h, i, k photos by X.H. Deng; a, c–g, j, l photos by T.W. Yang.
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