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FIGURE 8 in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 8. Males in breeding condition: a) Cacosternum cederbergense sp. nov. (PEM A15293) from the northern Cederberg, b) C. capense from Hermon, Swartland District, c) C. namaquense from Kamieskroon, Namaqualand, and d) C. karooicum from Vrolijkheid Nature Reserve in the Breede River Valley. Only the C. cederbergense sp. nov. individual was collected as a voucher.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 9. Spectrograms of advertisement calls for a) Cacosternum cederbergense sp. nov., b) C. capense, c) C. namaquense, and d) C. karooicum produced using the seewave package in R statistical environment.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 7. Five specimens from the paratype series of Cacosternum cederbergense sp. nov.; a) PEM A15293 (male), b) PEM A15292 (male), c) PEM A15289 (female), and d) PEM A15287 (female).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 6. Holotype of Cacosternum cederbergense sp. nov. (PEM A15391) from the eastern end of Pakhuis Pass in the northern Cederberg, Western Cape, South Africa: a) lateral, b) ventral, and a) dorsal view.

FIGURE 5. a in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 5. a) Composite map showing the SDM for each species in the C. capense group as indicated in the legend, where darker colours represent areas with a higher presence probability. b) The northern Cederberg, containing the predicted range of C. cederbergense sp. nov. and the known records (stars).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny of Cacosternum with Bayesian inference (BI) support overlaid. Node support represent maximum likelihood bootstrap above and Bayesian inference posterior probabilities below. The coloured bars to the right of the phylogeny represent the putative taxonomic assignments for the single-locus species delimitation analysis performed.

FIGURE 4. A in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 4. A PCA plot of six acoustic parameters derived from calls produced by the holotype of Cacosternum cederbergense sp. nov. (PEM A15391) (n = 20), C. namaquense (n = 11), C. capense (n = 15) and C. karooicum (n = 8).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 3. Boxplots representing several informative meristic measurements for distinguishing each of the four Cacosternum species assessed in this study.

FIGURE 1. A in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

FIGURE 1. A map of the Cederberg region in the southwestern Cape of South Africa. All material collected in this study originates from the Pakhuis Pass and the area north of it, referred to as the northern Cederberg.

TABLE 2. Mensural and meristic data from C in A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa

TABLE 2. Mensural and meristic data from C. cederbergense sp. nov., C. capense, C. karooicum, and C. namaquense following a standardised set of measurements used by Channing et al. (2013). See Methods and Materials for an explanation of abbreviations. SD, standard deviation.<table><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><th>C. cederbergense sp. nov.</th><th>C. capense</th><th>C. namaquense</th><th>C. karooicum</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>n = 17</td><td></td><td>n = 9</td><td></td><td>n = 14</td><td></td><td>n = 13</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Range</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Range</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Range</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Range</td></tr><tr><th>Mensural data</th></tr><tr><th>SVL</th><td>24.6</td><td>2.8</td><td>18.7-29.7</td><td>27.5</td><td>4.1</td><td>21.3-32.7</td><td>23.9</td><td>3.5</td><td>19.5-30.4</td><td>26.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>23.4-30.6</td></tr><tr><th>TIB</th><td>9.9</td><td>1.1</td><td>7.4-11.7</td><td>10.5</td><td>1.0</td><td>8.5-11.7</td><td>9.1</td><td>1.2</td><td>7.6-11.6</td><td>10.6</td><td>0.6</td><td>9.9-12.0</td></tr><tr><th>FOT</th><td>10.4</td><td>1.4</td><td>7.7-12.3</td><td>11.0</td><td>1.6</td><td>8.8-13.7</td><td>10.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>8.6-12.1</td><td>12.2</td><td>0.9</td><td>11.1-13.9</td></tr><tr><th>EN</th><td>1.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.4-2.5</td><td>2.7</td><td>0.4</td><td>1.9-3.1</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.6-2.2</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.6-2.3</td></tr><tr><th>SL</th><td>2.9</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.9-3.7</td><td>3.7</td><td>0.4</td><td>3.0-4.5</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.4</td><td>1.9-3.5</td><td>2.9</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.8-3.9</td></tr><tr><th>EE</th><td>3.7</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.9-4.6</td><td>4.7</td><td>0.7</td><td>3.7-5.8</td><td>3.5</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.4-4.5</td><td>3.8</td><td>0.4</td><td>3.4-4.7</td></tr><tr><th>NN</th><td>1.9</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.5-2.3</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.3-2.3</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.4-2.4</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.5-2.3</td></tr><tr><th>ED</th><td>3.1</td><td>0.7</td><td>2.3-4.9</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.4</td><td>2.1-3.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.6-3.4</td><td>2.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>2.4-3.4</td></tr><tr><th>HW</th><td>9.8</td><td>1.3</td><td>7.6-12.0</td><td>10.6</td><td>1.4</td><td>8.4-12.9</td><td>8.2</td><td>1.4</td><td>6.3-10.6</td><td>8.9</td><td>0.6</td><td>8.1-10.1</td></tr><tr><th>RAD</th><td>5.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>4.1-6.2</td><td>6.6</td><td>0.8</td><td>5.7-7.9</td><td>5.1</td><td>0.7</td><td>4.1-6.2</td><td>5.2</td><td>0.5</td><td>4.4-5.9</td></tr><tr><th>HAN</th><td>5.7</td><td>0.7</td><td>4.3-7.1</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.8</td><td>5.9-8.1</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>4.2-6.4</td><td>6.3</td><td>0.4</td><td>5.7-7.0</td></tr><tr><th>Meristic data</th></tr><tr><th>HW/SVL</th><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3-0.4</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.4</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3-0.4</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3-0.4</td></tr><tr><th>EE/SVL</th><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.2</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.2</td></tr><tr><th>NN/EN</th><td>1.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.7-1.3</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.6-0.8</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.8-1.2</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.8-1.2</td></tr><tr><th>EN/SL</th><td>0.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.5-1.1</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.6-0.9</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.5-0.9</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.5-0.9</td></tr><tr><th>EN/EE</th><td>0.5</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.4-0.7</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.5-0.7</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.4-0.6</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.6</td></tr><tr><th>ED/HW</th><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2-0.4</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2-0.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3-0.4</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3-0.4</td></tr><tr><th>ED/SVL</th><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1-0.1</td></tr><tr><th>HAN/SVL</th><td>0.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2-0.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2-0.3</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2-0.3</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2-0.3</td></tr><tr><th>HAN/HW</th><td>0.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.5-0.8</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.6-0.7</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.6-0.8</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.6-0.8</td></tr><tr><th>TIB/SVL</th><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.4</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3-0.4</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.4</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.4</td></tr><tr><th>FOT/SVL</th><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.4</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.5</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4-0.5</td></tr><tr><th>TIB/FOT</th><td>0.9</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.9-1</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.8-1.0</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.8-0.9</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.8-0.9</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Vicariance and marine migration in continental island populations of a frog endemic to the Atlantic Coastal forest

The theory of island biogeography is most often studied in the context of oceanic islands where all island inhabitants are descendants from founding events involving migration from mainland source populations. Far fewer studies have considered predictions of island biogeography in the case of continental islands, where island formation typically splits continuous populations and thus vicariance also contributes to the diversity of island populations. We examined one such case on continental islands in southeastern Brazil, to determine how classic island biogeography predictions and past vicariance explain the population genetic diversity of Thoropa taophora, a frog endemic to the Atlantic Coastal Forest. We used nuclear microsatellite markers to examine the genetic diversity of coastal and island populations of this species. We found that island isolation has a role in shaping the genetic diversity of continental island species, with island populations being significantly less diverse than coastal populations. However, area of the island and distance from coast had no significant effect on genetic diversity. We also found no significant differences between migration among coastal populations and migration to and from islands. We discuss how vicariance and the effects of continued migration between coastal and island populations interact to shape evolutionary patterns on continental islands.

Figure 11 in Life History of Western Ghats endemic and threatened Anuran - Matheran leaping frog, (Indirana leithii) with notes on its feeding preferences

Figure 11. Gut content of tadpoles of Indirana leithii. (a) Algal filament. (b) Gomphonema sp. (c) Cymbelloid. (d) Fragillaroid. (e) Diadesmis sp. (f) Pinnularia sp. (g) Desmid. (h) Eunotia sp. (i) Naviculloid. Images taken at × 400.

Figure 6. Crevices near 139 in Life History of Western Ghats endemic and threatened Anuran - Matheran leaping frog, (Indirana leithii) with notes on its feeding preferences

Figure 6. Crevices near 139 NM where egg clutches were found to be laid that were occupied by several males.

Figure 2 in Life History of Western Ghats endemic and threatened Anuran - Matheran leaping frog, (Indirana leithii) with notes on its feeding preferences

Figure 2. Large gathering at the cavern near 154 NM on Neral-Matheran narrow gauge railway track, which is seen before and after the breeding season. Inset shows cavern which houses hundreds of Indirana leithii adults.

Figure 7 in Life History of Western Ghats endemic and threatened Anuran - Matheran leaping frog, (Indirana leithii) with notes on its feeding preferences

Figure 7. Eggs of Indirana leithii (a) under the loose rock and (b) laid inside the crevice showing Stage 22 and 23.

Figure 10 in Life History of Western Ghats endemic and threatened Anuran - Matheran leaping frog, (Indirana leithii) with notes on its feeding preferences

Figure 10. Tadpole stages. (a) Stage 25. (b–g) Stages between 31 and 38. (h, i) stages between 39 and 41. (j) Stage 42 (Stages from Gosner 1960). Red arrow indicates hind limb bud. Picture credit Angad Joshi.

Figure 1 in Life History of Western Ghats endemic and threatened Anuran - Matheran leaping frog, (Indirana leithii) with notes on its feeding preferences

Figure 1. Study area and habitat of the species. (a) Distant shot of part of Matheran Hill. (b) Narrow gauge railway track passing along the cliff faces. (c) Tadpole on the wet cliff covered with algae. (d) Adult sitting in the crevice (this crevice contained fertilized eggs).

opennotspecifiedSep 2010View details →

FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Ramanella palmata (Anura: Microhylidae), a frog endemic to Sri Lanka

FIGURE 1. Ramanella palmatatadpole from Seetha-Eliya, Sri Lanka. [A] Lateral aspect [B] Dorsal aspect [C] Ventral aspect [D] Mouth of NH2007.11.02 (Gosner stage-33) [E] live tadpole.

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

Figure 2 in A new endemic lineage of the Andean frog genus Telmatobius (Anura, Telmatobiidae) from the western slopes of the central Andes

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood tree (-ln likelihood 3667.32) obtained using the concatenated 16S and cytochrome b mitochondrial markers of 19 nominal taxa of Telmatobius in Chile and Bolivia and 12 undescribed Chilean localities. Values above the nodes are, from left to right, the bootstrap values of maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony (above 70%), and Bayesian inference (above 0.95). Capital letters in the nodes correspond to the letters in Table 3.