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542 results for “endophytes”
Interactions between silicon and alkaloid defences in endophyte-infected grasses and the consequences for a folivore
<p>1. Grasses have developed a wide range of morphological and physiological mechanisms to resist herbivory. For instance, they accumulate silicon (Si) in tissue, as physical defence, and associate symbiotically with foliar <i>Epichloë</i>-endophytes that provide chemical defence <i>via</i> antiherbivore alkaloids. Recent evidence showed that some <i>Epichloë</i>-endophytes increase foliar Si in forage grasses; however, it is unknown whether this impacts insect herbivores. Furthermore, while Si is primarily a physical defence, it also affects production of plant defensive secondary metabolites; Si supply might therefore affect <i>Epichloë</i>-alkaloids, although this remains untested.</p> <p>2. We grew endophyte-free (Nil) and <i>Epichloë</i>-infected tall fescue and perennial ryegrass in a factorial combination with or without Si supplementation, in the absence or presence of <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>. <i>Epichloë</i>-endophyte strains were AR584 for tall fescue, and AR37, AR1 or Wild-type (WT) for perennial ryegrass. We assessed how Si supply and <i>Epichloë</i>-endophytes in interaction with herbivory affected foliar Si and mutualist-derived alkaloid concentrations. Subsequently, their effects on <i>H. armigera</i> relative growth rates (RGR) were evaluated. </p> <p>3. Endophytes generally increased Si concentrations in Si supplied plants.<b> </b>In tall fescue-AR584 and perennial ryegrass-AR37, endophytes increased constitutive (herbivore-free) and induced (herbivore-inoculated) Si concentrations by at least 25%; in contrast, in perennial ryegrass the AR1 endophyte only increased constitutive levels. Si supply did not affect alkaloids produced by AR584- or AR1/WT-endophytes; however, in the presence of herbivory, Si supply decreased the induction of alkaloids produced by AR37 endophytes by 33%. For tall fescue, Si supply reduced <i>H. armigera</i> RGR by at least 76%, regardless of endophytic status, whereas, endophyte-alkaloids played a secondary role only reducing herbivore growth in the absence of Si supply. Conversely, in perennial ryegrass both Si and endophyte-alkaloids (regardless of Si supply) reduced herbivore RGR although not synergised. </p> <p>4. Novel interactions between constitutive and induced Si- and alkaloid-based antiherbivore defences in grasses were observed. Overall, Si had a greater effect on the folivore than endophytes in both grasses. Endophyte-defences contributed more to herbivore resistance in perennial ryegrass than tall fescue. We demonstrate that Si and endophytes were not antagonistic and highlight that the protective nature of their interaction varies with the grass-endophyte species tested.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Diaporthe orixae sp. nov., an endophytic species isolated from Orixa japonica in southern China
FIGURE 2. Diaporthe orixae (HKAS 121465, holotype) a Host. b Stem of Orixa japonica. c, d Colonies on MEA. e Conidiomata. f, g Section through conidiomata. h, i Peridium. j–m Conidiogenous cells and conidia. n Alpha conidia. Scale bars: f = 50 µm, g = 100 µm, h–n = 10 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Diaporthe orixae sp. nov., an endophytic species isolated from Orixa japonica in southern China
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree generated by RAxML based on the combined ITS, tef1-α, β-tub, cal, and his3. Bootstrap support values for ML and MP equal to or greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal to or greater than 0.95 are given near nodes as ML/PP/MP, respectively. The tree was rooted with Diaporthella corylina (CBS 121124) and Diaporthella cryptica (CBS 140348). The newly generated strains are shown in red and the ex-type strains are in bold.
FIGURE 3 in Diaporthe orixae sp. nov., an endophytic species isolated from Orixa japonica in southern China
FIGURE 3. Diaporthe caryae (GZAAS 21–0393, new host record) a, b Colonies on MEA. c Immersed conidiomata. d Peridium. e Alpha and beta conidia f–i Conidiogenous cells. j, k Alpha conidia. l–n Beta conidia. Scale bars: d, e, l–n = 10 µm, f–k = 5 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Parathyridaria ephedrae sp. nov. (Thyridariacaeae, Pleosporales), endophytic to Ephedra gerardiana in India
FIGURE 1. Phylogram inferred from maximum likelihood (ML) analysis based on a combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence dataset. Bootstrap support values (>50%) are shown above or below the branches at nodes. The newly generated strain of Parathyridaria ephedrae is shown in red. Scale bar = 0.05.
FIGURE 2 in Parathyridaria ephedrae sp. nov. (Thyridariacaeae, Pleosporales), endophytic to Ephedra gerardiana in India
FIGURE 2. Parathyridaria ephedrae (MCC 9655, holotype). a, b. Conidiomata on nutrient medium. c. View of conidiomata showing prominent, wart-like papillae. d. Section of conidioma through papilla showing long ostiolar canal. e, f. Section through the conidiomatal wall showing multi-layered textura angularis lined with conidiogenous cells. g, h. Ampulliform and doliiform conidiogenous cells. i, j. Conidia. Scale bars a = 1000 μm, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d = 50 μm, e, f = 30 μm, g–j = 10 μm. Photo credit: Aroosa Jan Mattoo.
FIGURE 3 in Parathyridaria ephedrae sp. nov. (Thyridariacaeae, Pleosporales), endophytic to Ephedra gerardiana in India
FIGURE 3. Cultural characteristics of Parathyridaria ephedrae. a. Isolation plate showing emergence of mycelium (arrow) from a surface sterilized stem segment. b. Colonies on PDA before sporulation. c. Colony on PDA after sporulation (above, left; below, right). d–g. Colonies on MEA, CDA, OMA and WA, respectively (above, left; below, right). Photo credit: Aroosa Jan Mattoo.
Supplementary material 3 from: Siddique AB, Khokon AM, Unterseher M (2017) What do we learn from cultures in the omics age? High-throughput sequencing and cultivation of leaf-inhabiting endophytes from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) revealed complementary community composition but similar correlations with local habitat conditions. MycoKeys 20: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.20.11265
Common OTU lists and Statistical analysis : Explanation note: This file contains detected OTUs in both methods and biodiversity analysis (GLM and t-test)
Supplementary material 2 from: Siddique AB, Khokon AM, Unterseher M (2017) What do we learn from cultures in the omics age? High-throughput sequencing and cultivation of leaf-inhabiting endophytes from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) revealed complementary community composition but similar correlations with local habitat conditions. MycoKeys 20: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.20.11265
Biodiversity workflow in R : Explanation note: Bundle of files for biodiversity analysis in R. All necessary input files and a commented script of R-commands are provided.
Supplementary material 4 from: Siddique AB, Khokon AM, Unterseher M (2017) What do we learn from cultures in the omics age? High-throughput sequencing and cultivation of leaf-inhabiting endophytes from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) revealed complementary community composition but similar correlations with local habitat conditions. MycoKeys 20: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.20.11265
Master data sheet : Explanation note: Spreadsheet file containing information about read abundances of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and sample metadata. Here, data were prepared for subsequent biodiversity analysis in R.
Supplementary material 1 from: Siddique AB, Khokon AM, Unterseher M (2017) What do we learn from cultures in the omics age? High-throughput sequencing and cultivation of leaf-inhabiting endophytes from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) revealed complementary community composition but similar correlations with local habitat conditions. MycoKeys 20: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.20.11265
Bioinformatics pipeline : Explanation note: This file provides all steps and commands necessary for quality filtering and demultiplexing of raw paired fastq sequences.
FIGURE 2 in Colletotrichum paridis sp. nov., a novel endophytic species on Paris polyphylla var. chinensis
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree generated from randomized axelerated maximum likelihood (RAxML) analysis based on the combined ITS, gapdh, act, tub2, chs-1 and his3 alignment of isolates from C. dematium complex. Bootstrap values for RAxML higher than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BP) higher than 0.9 are given at the nodes (RAxML/BP). Colletotrichum chlorophyti IMI 103806 is outgroup. Ex-type or holotype specimens are marked with an asterisk (*).
FIGURE 1. a in Colletotrichum paridis sp. nov., a novel endophytic species on Paris polyphylla var. chinensis
FIGURE 1. a. The collection of samples. b. Paris polyphylla with grey mould where C. paridis was isolated from. c. No symptoms on inoculated leaves. d, e. Culture of C. paridis on PDA after 5 days (d, upper; e, reverse).
FIGURE 3 in Colletotrichum paridis sp. nov., a novel endophytic species on Paris polyphylla var. chinensis
FIGURE 3. Colletotrichum paridis (GMCC000018, holotype). a–g. Appressoria. h, i. Setae. j–l. Conidiophores and conidia. m, n. Scanning electron micrographs of (m) a conidium and (n) setae. o, p. Conidia.
FIGURE 4 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants
FIGURE 4. Crystals in the hymenium of Pseudoplectania mystica (photos by Jia Y. Lin, from holotype HKAS133073). a. Overview of crystals in the hymenium. b. Thicker crystals. c. Thinner crystals. d. Medium-sized crystals. Bars: a = 100 µm, b–d = 20 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants
FIGURE 3. Microscopic structures of Pseudoplectania mystica (drawings by Jia Y. Lin, from holotype HKAS133073). a. Ascospores. b. Ascus with 8 developed ascospores and an invisible operculum. c. Hymenium elements, from left to right: the sporiferous part of an ascus with 8 developed ascospores and an invisible operculum, the sporiferous part of an empty ascus with its operculum opened, 2 hymenial hairs, and 5 paraphyses. d. Medullary excipulum. e. Ectal excipulum. f. External hairs. g. Basal tomenta. Bars: a, c–g = 10 µm, b = 50 µm (f and g sharing same bar).
FIGURE 2 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants
FIGURE 2. The fresh ascomata and habitat of Pseudoplectania mystica (photos by Ling-Han Guo). a–c. Habitat of the specimens—a bamboo forest dominated by a single bamboo species (probably Phyllostachys sp.); the yellow arrows indicate where the ascomata grew. d. Immature ascomata with a blackish hymenial surface growing on dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1851). e. Immature ascomata with a brownish hymenial surface growing on dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1853). f. Immature ascoma with a greyish hymenial surface growing on the mossy dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1854). g. Longitudinal sections of an immature ascoma (L24011). h. Mature ascomata growing on senescing to dead rhizome joints and internodes of bamboo (HKAS133073, holotype). i. Mature ascomata growing on mossy dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HKAS133074). The scale in i is valid for d–i.
FIGURE 1 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Pseudoplectania inferred from concatenated nrITS-nrLSU alignment. Nodes are annotated if supported by ≥50% MLB or ≥0.9 BPP. The clades and subclades concerned are highlighted with background colours and coded. The specimens that we collected are highlighted in bold. (HT), (PT) and (NT) represent holotype, paratype and neotype, respectively. The sites diverging from the majority rule consensus within subclade a that represent the new species are shown with highlights on the left of the tree. The results of species delimitation generated from the ABGD and ASAP programs, and the host of each specimen (according to the references in Table 1) are shown on the right of the tree.
FIGURE 5 in Two new endophytic fungi of Colletotrichum and Diaporthe isolated from Berchemia polyphylla var. leioclada in Guizhou Province, China
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree based on RAxML analyses of a combined ITS, TUB2, CAL, HIS, TEF1-α dataset, including sequences of our strain and a selection of related Diaporthe spp., restricted according to the phylogenetic study of Supplementary Material (Figure S2). Diaporthe caulivora (CBS 127268) was used as the outgroup. The combined gene analysis included 13 strains with 2409 characters after aligned, including gaps (ITS: 560bp, TUB2: 526bp, CAL: 506bp, HIS3: 494bp, TEF1-α: 323bp). The RAxML analysis of the combined dataset yielded the best scoring tree with a final ML optimization likelihood value of -7651.550919. The matrix had 572 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.26% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.203920, C = 0.334775, G = 0.247441, T = 0.213864; substitution rates AC = 1.486536, AG = 3.694646, AT = 1.459400, CG = 1.231075, CT = 5.843934, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.257986. Bootstrap support values for RAxML equal to or greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal to or greater than 0.90 are given at each node. The new isolate is shown in red and bold.
FIGURE 4 in Two new endophytic fungi of Colletotrichum and Diaporthe isolated from Berchemia polyphylla var. leioclada in Guizhou Province, China
FIGURE 4. Diaporthe berchemiae (ex-type culture, GMBCC 20000). a, b Front and reverse colony on MEA. c, d Conidiomata on PDA. e–g Conidiophores. h–k Conidiogenous cells and conidia. l–o Alpha conidia. p-s Beta conidia. Scale bars: e–g, i–k = 10 μm; h, l–s = 5 μm.
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