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opennotspecifiedNov 2015View details →

FIGURE 1 in Extinction risks and conservation status of Corybas (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae; Diurideae) in Peninsular Malaysia

FIGURE 1. Eight species of Corybas recovered during this study. A. Corybas calopeplos; B. Corybas carinatus; C. Corybas comptus; D. Corybas geminigibbus; E. Corybas holttumii; F. Corybas ridleyanus; G. Corybas selangorensis; H. Corybas villosus and I. moss-carpeted forest floor favourable for their growth.

opennotspecifiedNov 2015View details →

FIGURE 2 in Extinction risks and conservation status of Corybas (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae; Diurideae) in Peninsular Malaysia

FIGURE 2. Corybas habitat, Genting Highlands (above) and Cameron Highlands (below) showing the degraded montane forest in Peninsular Malaysia over a period of time.

Figure 6 in Limited genetic depletion despite extinction risk: genomic diversity of a peripheral population of red-spotted bluethroats in Central Europe

Figure 6. Manhattan plots showing SNP levels of ROH per autosome for A, All L. s. svecica individuals, B, Sve_Krk population. The Manhattan plot portrays ROH analysis across 28 autosomes. The height of the peak represents the percentage of individuals sharing homozygous SNP per ROH.

Figure 4 in Limited genetic depletion despite extinction risk: genomic diversity of a peripheral population of red-spotted bluethroats in Central Europe

Figure 4. SNP-based analyses of population structure. A, discriminant analysis of the principal components (DAPC) analysis of genetic structure for two subspecies' genetic clusters (on the left) and, B, for seven populations (on the right). Each colour shade represents subspecies or population genetic clusters, respectively. Every point represents an individual, while inertia ellipses represent 67% of the individuals. Discriminant analysis eigenvalues are displayed by small insets. C, admixture analysis for K = 2. Each vertical bar shows an individual level of shared ancestry between the two subspecies. The two bands below the admixture plot mark individual's subspecies and population affiliation, respectively.

Figure 5 in Limited genetic depletion despite extinction risk: genomic diversity of a peripheral population of red-spotted bluethroats in Central Europe

Figure 5. Pairwise FineRADStructure co-ancestry analysis of 148 genotyped specimens. Ancestral population labels are displayed on the vertical and horizontal axes. Upper horizontal bar stands for subspecies genetic clusters: L. s. svecica—left label, intermediate—centre, L. s. cyanecula—right. Lower horizontal bar depicts population origin if the individuals using the same coding as in Fig. 3.

Figure 3 in Limited genetic depletion despite extinction risk: genomic diversity of a peripheral population of red-spotted bluethroats in Central Europe

Figure 3. The Cytb haplotype network of red-spotted and white-spotted bluethroat populations. Pie charts illustrate the haplotype variants shared among populations. Each circle represents a unique haplotype variant. Sizes of the circles are proportional to the number of individuals. Hatch marks on the branches represent the number of mutational steps that separate haplotypes. Black circles represent hypothetical haplotypes. Red-spotted bluethroat populations are: 1. Krkonoše Mountains (Sve_Krk); 2. Kola (Sve_Klp); 3. Abisko (Sve_Abi). Whitespotted populations are: 1. Třeboňsko (Cya_Trb); 2. St Petersburg (Cya_Stp); 3. Vomáčka (Cya_Vmk); 4. Krkonose Mountains (Cya_Krk). The haplotype marked with the red asterisk is a shared haplotype found in both subspecies.

Figure 1 in Limited genetic depletion despite extinction risk: genomic diversity of a peripheral population of red-spotted bluethroats in Central Europe

Figure 1. Locations of sampled individuals of red-spotted (L. s. svecica) and white-spotted (L. s. cyanecula) bluethroat. L. s. svecica locations: Kola peninsula, Russia (Sve_Klp); Abisko, Sweden (Sve_Abi) and Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic (Sve_Krk). L. s. cyanecula locations are: Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic (Cya_Krk); Vomáčka, Czech Republic (Cya_Vmk);Třeboňsko, Czech Republic (Cya_Trb) and St. Petersburg, Russia (Cya_Stp). Inset: close-up of the populations in the Czech Republic.

Figure 2 in Limited genetic depletion despite extinction risk: genomic diversity of a peripheral population of red-spotted bluethroats in Central Europe

Figure 2. Box plot comparison of genome-wide heterozygosity by segregating sites at subspecies level (left) and at population level (right). Mean values are marked by a horizontal bar.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Correlates of extinction risk in squamate reptiles: the relative importance of biology, geography, threat and range size

Aim Evaluating the relative roles of biological traits and environmental factors that predispose species to an elevated risk of extinction is of fundamental importance to macroecology. Identifying species that possess extinction-promoting traits allows targeted conservation action before precipitous declines occur. Such analyses have been carried out for several vertebrate groups, with the notable exception of reptiles. We identify traits correlating with high extinction risk in squamate reptiles, assess whether these differ with geography, taxonomy and threats, and make recommendations for future Red List assessments. Location Global. Methods We collected data on biological traits and environmental factors for a representative sample of 1139 species of squamate reptiles. We used phylogenetically controlled regression models to identify general correlates of extinction risk, threat-specific correlates of risk and realm-specific correlates of risk. We also assessed the relative importance of range size versus other factors through multiplicative bivariate models, partial regressions and variance partitioning. Results Range size was the most important predictor of extinction risk, reflecting the high frequency of reptiles assessed under range-based IUCN criteria. Habitat specialists occupying accessible ranges were at a greater risk of extinction: although these factors never contributed more than 10% to the variance in extinction risk, they showed significant interactions with range size. The predictive power of our global models ranged from 23% to 29%. The general overall pattern remained the same among geographical, taxonomic and threat-specific data subsets. Main conclusions Proactive conservation requires shortcuts to identify species at high risk of extinction. Regardless of location, squamate reptiles that are range-restricted habitat specialists living in areas highly accessible to humans are likely to become extinct first. Prioritizing species that exhibit such traits could forestall extinction. Integration of data sources on human pressures, such as accessibility of species ranges, may aid robust and time-efficient assessments of species extinction risk.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data for: Environmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide

Animals require a certain amount of habitat to persist and thrive, and habitat loss is one of the most critical drivers of global biodiversity decline. While habitat requirements have been predicted by relationships between species traits and home range size, little is known about constraints imposed by environmental conditions and human impacts on a global scale. Our meta-analysis of 395 vertebrate species shows that global climate gradients in temperature and precipitation exert indirect effects via primary productivity, generally reducing space requirements. Human pressure, however, reduces realized space use due to ensuing limitations in available habitat, particularly for large carnivores. We show that human pressure drives extinction risk by increasing the mismatch between space requirements and availability. We use large-scale climate gradients to predict current species extinction risk across global regions, which also offers an important tool for predicting future extinction risk due to ongoing space loss and climate change.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Life history strategy and extinction risk in the warm desert perennial spring ephemeral Astragalus holmgreniorum (Fabaceae)

This study of Astragalus holmgreniorum examines its adaptations to the warm desert environment and whether these adaptations will enable it to persist. Its spring ephemeral hemicryptophyte life history strategy is unusual in warm deserts. We used data from a 22-year demographic study supplemented with reproductive output, seed bank and germinant survival studies to examine the population dynamics of this species using discrete-time stochastic matrix modeling. The model showed that A. holmgreniorum is likely to persist in the warm desert in spite of high dormant-season mortality. It relies on a stochastically varying environment with high inter-annual variation in precipitation for persistence, but without a long-lived seed bank, environmental stochasticity confers no advantage. Episodic high reproductive output and frequent seedling recruitment along with a persistent seed bank are adaptations that facilitate its survival. These adaptations place its life history strategy further along the spectrum from 'slower' to 'faster' relative to other perennial spring ephemerals. Extinction risk for small populations is relatively high even though mean λs >1 because of high variance in year quality. This risk is also strongly dependent on seed bank starting values, creating a moving window of extinction risk that varies with population size through time. Astragalus holmgreniorum life history strategy combines the perennial spring ephemeral life form with features more characteristic of desert annuals. These adaptations permit persistence in the warm desert environment. A promising conclusion is that new populations of this endangered species can likely be established through direct seeding.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Evolutionary constraints mediate extinction risk under climate change

Mounting evidence suggests that rapid evolutionary adaptation may rescue some organisms from the impacts of climate change. However, evolutionary constraints might hinder this process, especially when different aspects of environmental change generate antagonistic selection on genetically correlated traits. Here, we use individual-based simulations to explore how genetic correlations underlying the thermal physiology of ectotherms might influence their responses to the two major components of climate change—increases in mean temperature and thermal variability. We found that genetic correlations can influence population dynamics under climate change, with declines in population size varying three-fold depending on the type of correlation present. Surprisingly, populations whose thermal performance curves were constrained by genetic correlations often declined less rapidly than unconstrained populations. Our results suggest that accurate forecasts of the impact of climate change on ectotherms will require an understanding of the genetic architecture of the traits under selection.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Multiple co-occurring bioeconomic drivers of overexploitation can accelerate rare species extinction risk

1. The unsustainable harvest of species for the global wildlife trade is a major cause of vertebrate extinction. Through the Anthropogenic Allee Effect, overexploitation to extinction can occur when a species' rarity drives up its market price, enabling profitable harvest of all remaining individuals. Even in the absence of rarity value, however, the harvest of other species can subsidize the overexploitation of a rare species to the point of extinction, a phenomenon termed opportunistic exploitation. These two pathways to extinction have only been considered independently, but many traded species experience them simultaneously. 2. In this study, we develop a simple model that incorporates these mechanisms simultaneously and demonstrate that including multiple harvest strategies with market-based feedbacks fundamentally alters rare species extinction risk and the rate at which overexploitation occurs. As a pertinent case study, we consider the harvest of ground pangolins (Smutsia temminckii). 3. Our results show that pangolin extinction was generally associated with high rarity value, the use of multiple harvest strategies, and the simultaneous harvest of a common species that has a fast life-history. Pangolin population depletion and short-term extinction risk were greatest when harvesters used a combination of pursuit and opportunistic (i.e. multi-species) harvest strategies. 4. Policy implications. Our results suggest that feedbacks between multiple financial incentives to overharvest can exacerbate the risk of extinction of rare species. As a result, continuing to address AAE and opportunistic exploitation as separate extinction pathways may insufficiently capture extinction risk for many exploited species. Criteria for assessing extinction risk or harvest sustainability of exploited species should incorporate multiple drivers of harvest pressure, with an expanded focus on including species with high rarity value that are exploited in multi-species harvest regimes.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

First demographic insights reveal high extinction risk of an endemic raptor species: the Reunion harrier

Gathering demographic information on rare species is critical to understanding their population dynamics and implementing efficient conservation measures. Using integrated models, we jointly analyzed multiple data sets, including capture-recapture, GPS tracking, and nest monitoring data collected over the last 10 years, to provide the first demographic insights for one of the world's rarest raptors, the endemic Reunion harrier Circus maillardi. We estimated key demographic rates including annual survival and breeding parameters (clutch size, hatching and fledging success), and used population projection models to assess population growth rate and quasi-extinction risk. In order to guide future conservation actions for the population, we evaluated the effects of different management scenarios that improve survival, fecundity, or both, on population growth and quasi-extinction risk. Comparison of the estimated annual survival (juvenile and subadult survival: 0.66; adult survival: 0.71) and breeding parameters (clutch size: 2.3; hatching success: 0.47; fledging success: 0.74) with those of other harrier species suggests that adult survival and breeding parameters of Reunion harriers are low. A small data set collected 40 years ago suggests that the probability of an egg producing a fledgling was higher and has declined to the current low level. The population models project that the Reunion harrier population is declining and faces a high risk of quasi-extinction in the next 40 years. Only management measures that simultaneously improve adult survival and fecundity could lead to a recovery of the population. These alarming results call for immediate conservation action aimed at rapidly improving the demographic rates.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2015View details →

Figure 1 in Effects of roost specialization on extinction risk in bats

Figure 1. Proportion of roost types used by bats aeithin each International Union for Conseroation of Nature Red List category (IUCN 2013) (CR, critically endangered; EN, endangered; VU, oulnerable; NT, near threatened; LC, least concern). Bars shoae the relatioe importance of a particular roost type for bats aeithin a gioen red-list category. For example, aehereas 2 critically endangered and 224 least concern bats use caoes and creoices, the bar for the former is larger because only 3 bats ooerall are considered critically endangered, aehereas 304 are considered of least concern. Only the most commonly used roost types (i.e., those aeith the largest number of data points) are included.