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Fig. 10. Female genitalia, lateral view. A in A contribution to the knowledge of the genera Fissocantharis Pic, 1921 and Micropodabrus Pic, 1920 from Taiwan (Coleoptera, Cantharidae)
Fig. 10. Female genitalia, lateral view. A. Fissocantharis ssulingensis (Wittmer, 1995). B. F. taipeiana (Wittmer, 1982). C. F. uenoi (Wittmer, 1982). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 4. Female genitalia, lateral view. A in A contribution to the knowledge of the genera Fissocantharis Pic, 1921 and Micropodabrus Pic, 1920 from Taiwan (Coleoptera, Cantharidae)
Fig. 4. Female genitalia, lateral view. A. Fissocantharis gressitti (Wittmer, 1954). B. F. kurosawai (Wittmer, 1982). C. F. laticornis Y. Yang, Okushima & X. Yang, 2012. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Data from: Male and female bees show large differences in floral preference
<p>Intraspecific variation in foraging niche can drive food web dynamics and ecosystem processes. In particular, male and female animals can exhibit different, often cascading, impacts on their interaction partners. Despite this, studies of plant-pollinator interaction networks have focused on the partitioning of the floral community between pollinator species, with little attention paid to intraspecific variation in plant preference between male and female bees. We designed a field study to evaluate the strength and prevalence of sexually dimorphic foraging, and particularly resource preferences, in bees. We observed bees visiting flowers in semi-natural meadows in New Jersey, USA. To detect differences in flower use against a shared background of resource (flower) availability, we maximized the number of interactions observed within narrow spatio-temporal windows. To distinguish observed differences in bee use of flower species, which can reflect abundance patterns and sampling effects, from underlying differences in bee preferences, we analyzed our data with both a permutation-based null model and random effects models. We found that the diets of male and female bees of the same species were often dissimilar as the diets of different species of bees. Furthermore, we demonstrate differences in preference between male and female bees. We show that intraspecific differences in preference can be robustly identified among hundreds of unique species-species interactions, without precisely quantifying resource availability, and despite high phenological turnover of both bees and plant bloom. Given the large differences in both flower use and preferences between male and female bees, ecological sex differences should be integrated into studies of bee demography, plant pollination, and coevolutionary relationships between flowers and insects.</p>
Protest stridulatory sounds of female of Phyllophorina kotoshoensis Shiraki, 1930 (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae: Phyllophorinae)
<p>The female stridulatory protest sounds of <em>Phyllophorina kotoshoensis</em> Shiraki, 1930 from Taiwan were recorded using a digital bat detector Pettersson D1000X with a sampling rate of 192 kHz. Air temperature at recording 20 <sup>o</sup>C. Distance between microphone and katydid about 10 cm/</p> <p>Recordist: K.-G. Heller/</p> <p>Katydid used the coxosternal sound apparatus.</p>
Figure 1 in The role of female cephalopod researchers: past and present
Figure 1. Bibliometric analysis of the papers presented during the CIAC 2012 Symposium. (A) Registrations by gender; (B) authorship of oral presentations by gender; (C) presenters of oral presentations by gender; (D) authorship of poster presentations by gender.
Figure 2 in Morphology of oil-collecting pilosity of female Rediviva bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae) reflects host plant use
Figure 2. Oil-secreting flowers of the family Scrophulariaceae (sensu stricto). (A) Alonsoa unilabiata; (B) Diascia 'floribunda'; (C) A. unilabiata, detail of oil-containing pouch; (D) Hemimeris racemosa, flower around openings of spurs with hemispherical oil droplets covered by a cuticle; (E) Diascia insignis, longitudinal section of flower with oil droplets in apex of opened floral spur; (F) D. insignis, detail of dissected floral spur with oil droplets on top of trichome elaiophores. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 3 in Description of Orthadenella coulsoni sp. nov. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Melicharidae) from Siberia with a key to the females of Orthadenella
Figure 3. Orthadenella coulsoni sp. nov., female: (A) tritosternum; (B) gnathosoma; (C) sperm access system; (D) epistomes; (E) chelicera; (F) dorsal of palptarsus; (G) ventral of palptarsus.
Fig. 8. A–E. Adult habitus, lateral view. F. Basicosta. A–D. Female. E–F. Male. A in Review of the Eumerus tricolor species group (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Iran, with description of six new species
Fig. 8. A–E. Adult habitus, lateral view. F. Basicosta. A–D. Female. E–F. Male. A. Eumerus brevipilosus Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov., paratype (HMIM). B. E. coeruleus (Becker, 1913), Ghoochan, Iran (HMIM). C. E. longitarsis Peck, 1979, Mian Jangal, Iran (JSA). D. E. persarum Stackelberg, 1961, Bazman, Iran (JSA). E. E. tricolor (Fabricius, 1798), Paleochori, Greece (JSA). F. E. tadzhikorum Stackelberg, 1949, Chekab Valley, Iran (JSA). Scale bars = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: ac = anterodorsal costal setae; pc = posterodorsal costal setae.
Figs 376–380. Female T7 in Nearctic Anthomyzidae: a monograph of Anthomyza and allied genera (Diptera)
Figs 376–380. Female T7+S7 and/or apex of postabdomen of Anthomyza species, laterally. 376 – A. concolor (Thomson, 1869) (USA: California); 377 – A. occidentalis sp. nov., paratype (USA: Oregon); 378 – A. pullinotum sp. nov., paratype (Canada: Alberta); 379 – A. vockerothi sp. nov., paratype (Canada: Ontario). 380 – A. mcalpinei sp. nov., paratype (Canada: Ontario). Scales = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 6. Female spinnerets and genitals. a–c in First records and a new genus of comb-tailed spiders (Araneae: Hahniidae) from Thailand with comments on the six-eyed species of this family
Fig. 6. Female spinnerets and genitals. a–c. Hahnia ngai sp. nov., holotype (RMNH.ARA.18415). a. Spinnerets, ventral view. b. Epigynum, cleared, dorsal view. c. Ventral view. d–f. Hahnia saccata Zhang, Li & Zheng, 2011 (RMNH.ARA.18412). d. Spinnerets, ventral view. e. Epigynum, cleared, dorsal view. f. Ventral view. Scale bars: a, d–f = 0.25 mm; b–c = 0.1 mm.
FIG. 5. — Undated female red deer upper left canine from Abri des Autours. A in The worked bone industry and intrusive fauna associated with the prehistoric cave burials of Abri des Autours (Belgium)
FIG. 5. — Undated female red deer upper left canine from Abri des Autours. A, general view; B, detail of perforation; C, detail of the crown with remaining traces of enamel (arrow). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, C, 1 mm.
Gestational Cd exposure in the CD-1 mouse induces sex-specific hepatic insulin insensitivity, obesity and metabolic syndrome in adult female offspring
<p>There is compelling evidence that developmental exposure to some toxic metals increases risk for obesity and obesity-related morbidity including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in adults. To explore the hypothesis that developmental Cd exposure increased risk of obesity later in life, male and female CD-1 mice were maternally exposed to 500 ppb CdCl<sub>2</sub> in drinking water during a human gestational equivalent period (GD0 - PND10). Hallmark indicators of metabolic disruption, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome were evaluated prior to birth through adulthood. Blood Cd levels in dams were similar to those observed in human pregnancy cohorts. There were no observed impacts of exposure on dams or pregnancy-related outcomes. Results of glucose and insulin tolerance testing revealed that Cd-exposure impaired glucose homeostasis in young adult offspring. Exposure-related increases in circulating triglycerides and hepatic steatosis were apparent only in females. By PND120, Cd-exposed females had become 30% heavier with 700% more perigonadal fat than unexposed control females. There was no evidence of dyslipidemia, steatosis, increased weight gain, nor increased adiposity in Cd-exposed male offspring. Hepatic transcriptome analysis at PND1, PND21, and PND42 revealed evidence for female-specific increases in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction with significant early disruption of retinoic acid signaling and altered insulin receptor signaling consistent with hepatic insulin sensitivity in adult females. The observed steatosis and metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes resulting from exposure to 500 ppb CdCl<sub>2</sub> during the pre- and perinatal period of development equivalent to human gestation indicate that Cd acts developmentally as a sex-specific delayed obesogen.</p>
Selection for male weapons boosts female fecundity, eliminating sexual conflict in the bulb mite
<p>Extreme differences between the sexes are usually explained by intense sexual selection on male weapons or ornaments. Sexually antagonistic genes, with a positive effect on male traits but a negative effect on female fitness, create a negative inter-sexual correlation for fitness (sexual conflict). However, such antagonism might not be apparent if sexually selected male traits are condition-dependent, and condition elevates female fitness. Here we reveal a surprising positive genetic correlation between male weaponry and female fecundity. Using mite lines that had previously been through 13 generations of selection on male weapons (fighting legs), we investigated correlated evolution in female fecundity. Females from lines under positive selection for weapons (up lines) evolved higher fecundity, despite evolving costly, thicker legs. This is likely because male mites have condition-dependent weaponry that increases our ability to indirectly select on male condition. Alleles with positive effects on condition in both sexes could have generated this correlation because: the up lines evolved a higher proportion of fighters and there were positive correlations between weapon size and the male morph and sex ratios of the offspring. This positive inter-sexual genetic correlation should boost the evolution of male weapons and extreme sex differences.</p>
Figs 1−7 in First Mexican record of Neoarisemus maesi with the description of the female (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figs 1−7. Female of Neoarisemus maesi Collantes & Martínez-Ortega, 1999. 1 − head in frontal view with antenna and palpus. 2 − mouth parts and first palpal segment. 3 − scape, pedicel and first flagellomeres. 4 − last flagellomeres. 5 − wing. 6 − genital chamber. 7 − subgenital plate and cerci. Scale in millimeters, figures 3+4 and 6+7 at the same scale.
Figs 48–53. Barsine spp., female genitalia. 48 – B in A review of the Barsine perpallida-B. yuennanensis species-group, with descriptions of six new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Figs 48–53. Barsine spp., female genitalia. 48 – B. biformis sp. nov., paratype, Thailand, slide ZSM Arct. 155 / 2017 Volynkin. 49 – B. perpallida (Hampson, 1900), syntype of Diacrisia porthesioides Rothschild, 1910, India, slide NHMUK010315755 Volynkin (©NHMUK). 50 – B. laszloi sp. nov., paratype, Nepal, slide MWM 35760 Volynkin. 51 – B. hausmanni sp. nov., paratype, Thailand, slide MWM 31547 Volynkin. 52 – B. andromeda sp. nov., paratype, China, Shaanxi, slide MWM 31543 Volynkin. 53 – B. yuennanensis (Daniel, 1952), paratype, China, Yunnan, slide AV1843 Volynkin.
Figs 54–57. Barsine spp., female genitalia. 54 – B in A review of the Barsine perpallida-B. yuennanensis species-group, with descriptions of six new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Figs 54–57. Barsine spp., female genitalia. 54 – B. nigrovena (Fang, 2000), China, Sichuan, slide NHMUK010313508 Volynkin (©NHMUK). 55 – B. eurydice sp. nov., paratype, N Vietnam, slide MWM 31555 Volynkin. 56 – B. ruficollis (Fang, 1991), China, Yunnan, slide MWM 31545 Volynkin. 57 – B. dao sp. nov., paratype, N Vietnam, slide MWM 31553 Volynkin.
Figure 5 Arrenurus ludificator Koenike, A-D male, E female. A in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 5 Arrenurus ludificator Koenike, A-D male, E female. A – dorsum; B – venter; C – lateral view; D – palp; E – venter. Scale bars: A-C, E = 200 µm, D = 50 µm.
Figure 11 Arrenurus tenuicollis lacustris n. subsp. A-D holotype male, E paratype female. A in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 11 Arrenurus tenuicollis lacustris n. subsp. A-D holotype male, E paratype female. A – dorsum; B – venter; C – detail of cauda; D – palp; E – venter. Scale bars: A-B, E = 200 µm, C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm.
Image 5. Gravid female P in Puntius rohani (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), a new species of barb in the Puntius filamentosus group from the southern Western Ghats of India
Image 5. Gravid female P. filamentosus (ZSI/SRS F.8368, 113mm SL), showing filamentous extensions of the dorsal fin branched rays.
Fig. 16. Female metaleg, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 16. Female metaleg, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 (NMSA; FSUNS ID 04278). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA5_243). C. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (NHMW; FSUNS ID 05725). D. M. lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (NMSA; FSUNS ID ZA6_067). E. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915, lectotype (BMNH NHMUK010369943). Scale bar = 2 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.