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Figure 14 in Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report

Figure 14: Whole-lake average fish biomass per unit net area in vertical nets was lower in deeper lakes due to their proportionally larger volume of less productive habitat. Note that vertical and horizontal axes are on a log scale. Lakes that have returned from a period of eutrophic conditions with hypoxia in the hypolimnion in at least part of the lake to meso- or oligotropic conditions are indicated in blue, while yellow points indicate re-oligotrophied lakes that have lost profundal fish species.

Figure 10 in Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report

Figure 10: Uniqueness of the fish communities of all lakes and catchments. Uniqueness index for each lake was calculated as the sum of the inverse of the number of lakes where each species in the lake was recorded.

Figure 17 in Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report

Figure 17: Habitat associations of fishes in the littoral zone in late summer/autumn based on sampling in 28 perialpine lakes. Grey lines indicate that the species was recorded (electrofishing and shallow-set vertical nets) more often in this littoral habitat than in other habitats. The thickness of the line reflects how much more frequently than random the species was recorded in the habitat. Associations were averaged among lakes and shown only where the association was positive in more than half of the lakes in which a species was recorded. Only fish species recorded in the littoral zone of at least three lakes are shown. Three species were recorded in at least three lakes, but had no clear habitat association (Carassius gibelio, Rhodeus amarus, Telestes muticellus). Lineages of Barbatula spp and forms of Perca fluviatilis could unfortunately not be differentiated in the analysis. Inflows and outflows are excluded to focus on the lacustrine habitats. Note that some of these species may have their strongest associations with other habitats outside the littoral (e.g. the sublittoral, profundal or pelagic), but such habitat occurrences could not be included in this analysis. See [47] for more information on the calculation of habitat association.

Figure 6 in Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report

Figure 6: Species-abundance distributions (SADs) for each of 35 perialpine lakes and 1 lowland lake. These SADs result from combining partial SADs obtained by sampling with the CEN netting protocol, the VERT netting protocol and the electrofishing protocol (for all partial SADs see Appendix B Figure 69). Abundances are log2-transformed. Normal distributions are indicated by a thin line in each plot. The qualitative fit to the expected distribution is indicated by coloured circles: dark green = good fit, light green = modest fit, orange = poor fit, red = very poor fit. Colour of bars indicates drainage systems: green = Rhone, red = Rhine, orange = Po, blue = Danube. Note the systematic difference between Rhine lakes (9 good, 3 modest, 4 poor, 1 very poor) and Po lakes (0 good, 1 modest, 2 poor, 6 very poor). This difference cannot be due to differences in sampling effort because Maggiore and Lugano were among the best sampled lakes, but both have very poor fits to the expected distributions. Lake Aulnes is a lowland lake in the southern Rhone drainage that we sampled but did not otherwise consider in this report.

Figure 1 in Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report

Figure 1: Map of lakes surveyed by Projet Lac with major river networks and catchments indicated by background colour. Note that the Aare-Rhine includes the subcatchments of the Reuss and Limat rivers. Data source: Federal Office of Topography swisstopo 2020.

Figure 19 in Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report

Figure 19: Opposing relationships with total phosphorus for the biomass of the two most common fish taxa among the large and deep lakes (average depth> 50 m). Data are whole-lake average biomass (in grams) of fish per vertical net battery. Note that the horizontal axis is on a log scale. Regression statistics for Coregonus are p-value = 0.005, R2 = 0.57 and perch are p-value = 0.004, R2 = 0.58. Shaded regions show thresholds for total phosphorus of 10 μg / L and 5 μg / L.

Figure 22 in Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report

Figure 22: Whole-lake average number of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) per vertical net battery compared to total phosphorus concentration in large and deep lakes (average depth> 50 m). The left panel shows the relationship for all perch caught in the lake (p-value = 0.022, R2 = 0.42). The right panel shows the relationship for only perch larger than 20 cm (length from snout to the tip of the tail; p-value = 0.003, R2 = 0.6). Note that the horizontal axis is on a log scale. Dashed red lines indicate statistically significant relationships.

Fig. 4 in Helminth Diversity In Teleost Fishes From The Area Of The Ukrainian Antarctic Station "Akademik Vernadsky", Argentine Islands, West Antarctica

Fig. 4. Cluster analysis of the similarity between the helminth communities in five teleost fish species off the area of the UAS "Akademik Vernadsky", Argentine Islands, and West Antarctica.

Fig. 3 in Helminth Diversity In Teleost Fishes From The Area Of The Ukrainian Antarctic Station "Akademik Vernadsky", Argentine Islands, West Antarctica

Fig. 3. Proportion (in %) of helminth species parasitize five Antarctic teleost fishes off the area of the UAS "Akademik Vernadsky" on larval and adult stages.

Fig. 2 in Helminth Diversity In Teleost Fishes From The Area Of The Ukrainian Antarctic Station "Akademik Vernadsky", Argentine Islands, West Antarctica

Fig. 2. Intensity of teleost fish infection off the area of the UAS "Akademik Vernadsky" by five parasite taxa (proportion of different parasite taxa is in %).

Fig. 1 in Helminth Diversity In Teleost Fishes From The Area Of The Ukrainian Antarctic Station "Akademik Vernadsky", Argentine Islands, West Antarctica

Fig. 1. Proportion (%) of five parasite taxa found in teleost fish off the area of the UAS "Akademik Vernadsky", Argentine Islands, West Antarctica.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

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Examining the diversity, stability and functioning of marine fish communities across a latitudinal gradient

Aim: As anthropogenic stressors on the biosphere intensify, understanding how communities respond to disturbances is critical. Biodiversity is often thought to promote the stability of communities over time and enhance ecosystem functioning. However, results have been inconsistent, and the multifaceted linkages among diversity, stability, and functioning under acute disturbances remain poorly understood. We experimentally tested the responses of marine fish communities to disturbance (i.e., acute habitat loss) across a diversity gradient spanning 35º degrees of latitude in the western Atlantic Ocean to assess the diversity-stability relationship and the interplay between diversity, stability, and fish biomass recovery (as a proxy for function) in marine fish communities. Location: Western Atlantic Ocean (Maine, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Florida [USA], Belize, and Panama). Time period: 2016 – 2017 Major taxa studied: Small, bottom-dwelling ('cryptobenthic') fishes Results: Diversity showed a negative effect on community stability at both the regional (across docks) and local (within docks) scales. Similarly, local diversity was negatively correlated with ecosystem function. These effects are exacerbated by the habitat loss imposed via our experimental treatment. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that habitat loss may more intensively re-shuffle diverse, tropical communities, which impacts biomass recovery, our proxy of functioning. Contrary to ecological theory, in small-bodied, benthos-associated vertebrate communities, biodiversity may neither promote stability nor functioning, suggesting that human disturbances may be particularly impactful in tropical, high-diversity ecosystems.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Helminth Diversity In Teleost Fishes From The South Orkney Islands Region, West Antarctica

Fig. 2. Proportion (%) of helminth species parasitizing three teleost fishes from the South Orkney Islands area, West Antarctica on larval and adult stages.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Helminth Diversity In Teleost Fishes From The South Orkney Islands Region, West Antarctica

Fig. 1. Proportion (%) of four parasite taxa in three fish species from the South Orkney Islands area, West Antarctica.

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Global patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial genetic diversity in marine fishes

Genetic diversity is a fundamental component of biodiversity. Examination of global patterns of genetic diversity can help highlight mechanisms underlying species diversity, though a recurring challenge has been that patterns may vary by molecular marker. Here, we compiled 6862 observations of genetic diversity from 492 species of marine fish and tested among hypotheses for diversity gradients: the founder effect hypothesis, the kinetic energy hypothesis, and the productivity-diversity hypothesis. We fit generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMMs) and explored the extent to which various macroecological drivers (latitude, longitude, temperature (SST), and chlorophyll-a concentration) explained variation in genetic diversity. We found that mitochondrial genetic diversity followed geographic gradients similar to those of species diversity, being highest near the Equator, particularly in the Coral Triangle, while nuclear genetic diversity did not follow clear geographic patterns. Despite these differences, all genetic diversity metrics were correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration, while mitochondrial diversity was also positively associated with SST. Our results provide support for the kinetic energy hypothesis, which predicts that elevated mutation rates at higher temperatures increase mitochondrial but not necessarily nuclear diversity, and the productivity-diversity hypothesis, which posits that resource-rich regions support larger populations with greater genetic diversity. Overall, these findings reveal how environmental variables can influence mutation rates and genetic drift in the ocean, caution against using mitochondrial macro-genetic patterns as proxies for whole-genome diversity, and aid in defining global gradients of genetic diversity.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

FIGURE 4 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 4 | Temporal changes in species richness (dashed lines) and functional richness (FRic; continous lines) of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, considering two scenarios: "all species", including native and non-native; and "only native species" (left figures). Plotted values expressed as a proportion to the maximum richness. The arrows represent the first records of the introduced piscivorous Cichla kelberi (in 1985) and Pygocentrus nattereri (in 1992) in the system. The upper plots represent the functional space (only two dimensions for simplify visualization), with polygons indicating the proportion filled by the set of species (FRic) in each year. Right figures illustrate the functional space showing the position of each species. Green and blue colors indicate, respectively, the native and introduced species, and crosses indicate native species extirpated from the lake. Codes at the ends of the arrows are the most important ecomorphological traits for each axis of the PCA (for functional trait and species codes, see Tab. 1 and Tab. S2).

FIGURE 3 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 3 | Compositional change of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Green and blue squares indicate, respectively, the presence of native and introduced species in each year.

FIGURE 1 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 1 | The lacustrine system of the Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The green polygon delimits the area of the Rio Doce State Park (PERD) and the white circle indicates the location of Carioca Lake.

FIGURE 2 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 2 | Morphometric measures taken from digital pictures: CPd – caudal-peduncle minimal depth, CFd – caudal-fin maximum depth, CFs – caudal-fin surface, PFi – distance from pectoral-fin insertion to the bottom of the body, PFb – body depth at the level of the pectoral-fin insertion, PFl – pectoral-fin length, PFs – pectoral-fin surface, Hd – head depth along the vertical axis of the eye, Ed – eye diameter, Eh – distance from the center of the eye to the bottom of the head, Mo – distance from the tip of the upper jaw to the bottom of the head along the head depth axis. Adapted from Leitão et al. (2016).