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150 results for “food plants”
Figure 7 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 7. Large nectar droplets (arrow) regularly accumulate on the lower lid surface of Nepenthes gracilis pitchers early in the morning.
Figure 6 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 6. Average nectar production per day for five Nepenthes species (n = 9 pitchers for N. gracilis and n = 8 for all other species). Values represent lid nectar for N. gracilis and peristome nectar for all other species. Bars denote medians, boxes represent the inner quartiles and whiskers include 1.5 times interquartile range. Circles represent outliers. Significant differences are marked with asterisks (Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn comparisons; Bonferroni correction applied; ***: P <0.001; *: P <0.05).
Figure 5 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 5. (a, b) lesser tree shrew (Tupaia minor) collecting nectar from the lower lid surface of Nepenthes gracilis pitchers in Tutong site II.
Figure 4 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 4. Sunbirds foraging on Nepenthes nectar in Tutong site II. (a) Female olive-backed sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis) and (b) male brown-throated sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis) drinking nectar from the peristomes of N. rafflesiana pitchers. (c, d) Male brown-throated sunbird (A. malacensis) harvesting nectar from the underside of the pitcher lid of N. gracilis.
Figure 3 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 3. Experimental setup to measure nectar production. Pitchers were enclosed in gauze bags to exclude visitors, and roofed with custom-made plastic umbrellas to prevent the nectar from being washed off by rain.
Figure 2 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 2. (a) Typical habitat (Tutong site I) where we observed sunbirds and a tree shrew foraging on nectar of Nepenthes rafflesiana and N. gracilis pitchers. (b) Temperature and humidity measurements from the same site. The peak foraging times coincided with the times of high relative humidity from sunrise to about 10:30, and from about 17:00 until sunset. (c) The Belait site was less open, and surrounded by mature forest. We never observed vertebrates foraging on pitcher nectar in this site.
Figure 1 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 1. (a) A typical Nepenthes trap (here N. rafflesiana) consists of a fluid-filled pitcher body (B), a collar-shaped peristome (P) and a roof-like lid (L). Insects are attracted by nectar secreted onto the peristome, and fall into the trap where they drown and are digested by the plant. This 'standard' trap design has been considerably modified in species that engage in mutualistic relationships with mammals: the pitchers of N. hemsleyana (b) are elongated and contain only very little fluid, making them a preferred daytime roost for woolly bats. (c) N. lowii attracts tree shrews (Tupaia montana) that harvest nectar from the inside of the pitcher lid. The lid is bent backwards to allow the tree shrew to access the nectar while sitting on top of the large and sturdy pitcher. The wide-open funnel shape of the pitcher ensures that the shrew droppings end up in the trap. (d) N. rajah pitchers show similar adaptations and have been shown to be visited by tree shrews and nocturnal rats.
Figure 3 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 3. Absolute abundance of pollen types and the number of types observed in each sample. (A) Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP), and (B) State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN).
Figure 5 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 5. Abundance of pollen types according to grain size categories: small (S) and medium (M) in two natural areas. (A) Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP), and (B) State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN).
Figure 1 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 1. Number of Exomalopsis fulvofasciata recorded on Byrsonima flowers in the two savannah areas. Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP) – 1 to 9 and State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN) – 10 to18.
Figure 4 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 4. Abundance of pollen types according to the anther type: poricidals (P) and non-poricidals (NP). (A) Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP), and (B) State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN).
Data from: Subordinate plants sustain the complexity and stability of soil micro-food webs in natural bamboo forest ecosystems
Subordinate plants have a significant impact on soil organisms in primary successional floodplains and grassland ecosystems, but their role in subtropical forest ecosystems remains unclear. An experiment was conducted in a subtropical forest to test the hypothesis that removal of shrubs or subordinate arbour tree species would reduce the complexity and stability of the soil micro-food web. Principal response curves (PRCs) were performed to assess the responses of soil microbial and nematode communities to plant removal compared with a control through time. The effect of plant removal on complexity and stability in the soil micro-food web was assessed using a suite of indices including ratio of omnivorous-predatory to herbivorous nematode abundance (OP : H ratio), nematode diversity, resistance and resilience. Furthermore, increments of bamboo productivity among treatments were estimated. Soil microbial community structure changed in response to plant removal in 2009, but recovered in 2010, and the only change observed was increased soil fungal biomass. In contrast, plant removal had greater impact on soil nematode community composition in 2010 than 2009. Subordinate arbour tree species removal (with or without shrubs) decreased the values of nematode richness, evenness, diversity, ratio of microbial-feeding to herbivorous nematode abundance (M : H ratios), OP : H ratios and resistance indices in 2010, but only decreased OP : H ratios in 2009 and increased the values of nematode dominance in 2010. Although increments in bamboo productivity were statistically similar among treatments, there was a trend decreasing progressively from control to shrub removal + selective-cutting of subordinate arbour tree species, shrub removal, and selective-cutting of subordinate arbour tree species treatments. Synthesis and applications. Subordinate plants help sustain the complexity and stability of soil micro-food webs in subtropical bamboo forest ecosystems. Therefore, protection of subordinate plants and maintaining high plant diversity are important parts of a responsible management strategy in subtropical bamboo forests.
Data from: Effects of plant and pollinator traits on the maintenance of a food deceptive species within a plant community
Model-mimic plant systems are well known. However, the conditions promoting the existence of such systems are still an enigma. We suggest that by focusing on floral similarity between model and mimic, reward levels offered by models, and pollinators' ability to adjust foraging accordingly, the conditions can be better understood. Using spatially-explicit modelling, we examined trait combinations that lead to the survival of deceptive species under a large range of mimic strategies, from Batesian mimicry to general food deception. Unlike previous models studying such systems, we examined model-mimic interactions in the presence of a third, dissimilar species, thus generating a more realistic scenario where pollinators may avoid the model-mimic system altogether. Results showed that overall survival and abundance of species in food deceptive systems depend on the relative reward provided by the participating species and the potential alternatives available. Specifically, the success of a mimic in a Batesian mimicry system depends on high levels of reward provided by its model species relative to potential alternatives in the flower community. On the other hand, the success of a mimic in a general food deception system was higher when the reward offered was lower. Our study suggests that the ability of pollinators to utilize their experience as part of decision-making is highly relevant in promoting mimic survival, thus shedding light on the conditions under which food deception is expected.
Data from: Phylogenetic composition of host plant communities drives plant-herbivore food web structure
1. Insects tend to feed on related hosts. The phylogenetic composition of host plant communities thus plays a prominent role in determining insect specialization, food web structure, and diversity. Previous studies showed a high preference of insect herbivores for congeneric and confamilial hosts suggesting that some levels of host plant relationships may play more prominent role that others. 2. We aim to quantify the effects of host phylogeny on the structure of quantitative plant-herbivore food webs. Further, we identify specific patterns in three insect guilds with different life histories and discuss the role of host plant phylogeny in maintaining their diversity. 3. We studied herbivore assemblages in three temperate forests in Japan and the Czech Republic. Sampling from a canopy crane, a cherry picker and felled trees allowed a complete census of plant-herbivore interactions within three 0.1 ha plots for leaf chewing larvae, miners, and gallers. We analyzed the effects of host phylogeny by comparing the observed food webs with randomized models of host selection. 4. Larval leaf chewers exhibited high generality at all three sites, whereas gallers and miners were almost exclusively monophagous. Leaf chewer generality dropped rapidly when older host lineages (5-80 myr) were collated into a single lineage but only decreased slightly when the most closely related congeneric hosts were collated. This shows that leaf chewer generality has been maintained by feeding on confamilial hosts while only a few herbivores were shared between more distant plant lineages and, surprisingly, between some congeneric hosts. In contrast, miner and galler generality was maintained mainly by the terminal nodes of the host phylogeny and dropped immediately after collating congeneric hosts into single lineages. 5. We show that not all levels of host plant phylogeny are equal in their effect on structuring plant-herbivore food webs. In the case of generalist guilds, it is the phylogeny of deeper plant lineages that drives the food web structure whereas the terminal relationships play minor roles. In contrast, the specialization and abundance of monophagous guilds is affected mainly by the terminal parts of the plant phylogeny and does not generally reflect deeper host phylogeny.
Figure 3 from: Furusaka S, Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Umemura Y, Naganuma T, Yamazaki K, Koike S (2017) The selection by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. ZooKeys 672: 121-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.672.10078
Figure 3 - Right-angled mixture triangles (RMT) depicting the macronutrient balance of Quercus crispula, Salix bakko, Malus toringo, Elaeagnus umbellata, Alnus firma, Clethra barbinervis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Betula ermanii leaves in early and late May. The RMT on the left a is early May, while the RMT on the right b is late May. Crude protein is represented on the implicit axis which varies inversely with distance from the origin (the dashed gray line indicates 25% protein content).
Figure 2 from: Furusaka S, Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Umemura Y, Naganuma T, Yamazaki K, Koike S (2017) The selection by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. ZooKeys 672: 121-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.672.10078
Figure 2 - Proportion of observed time for each food item and seasonal changes in the nutritional values of Quercus crispula (left) leaves, Malus toringo (center) leaves, and Salix bakko (right) leaves from early May (leaf flash) to late June 2013. A The proportion of time for which bears were observed consuming (2013: black and 2014: gray) B total energy C neutral detergent fiber, and D crude protein. Different lower case letters within each graph indicate significant differences (Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.05). White circles indicate when bears were observed consuming Q. crispula leaves (early May and late May), M. toringo leaves (early May), and S. bakko (early May and late May).
Figure 1 from: Furusaka S, Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Umemura Y, Naganuma T, Yamazaki K, Koike S (2017) The selection by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. ZooKeys 672: 121-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.672.10078
Figure 1 - Map of the study area, located in the Ashio-Nikko Mountains range in Tochigi and Gunma Prefectures, central Japan. Black lines were trails to observe bears and black circles were the points of vegetation surveyed in the Ashio area.
Data for: Insect host plant relationships from Luis Martorell's annotated food plant catalog of the insects of Puerto Rico
<p>This dataset contains insect host plant relationships for insects and plants found in Puerto Rico as described in Luis F. Martorell's book, 'Annotated food plant catalog of the insects of Puerto Rico' (1976, University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. 303 pp.). </p>
Figure 1 from: Koleva P, Tsanova-Savova S, Paneva S, Velikov S, Savova Z (2021) Polyphenols content of selected medical plants and food supplements present at Bulgarian market. Pharmacia 68(4): 819-826. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e71460
Figure 1 Chromatogram of Standard mix of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and rutin at 275 nm (a) and 355 nm (b).
Molecular food webs of bat-plant interactions during an extreme El Nino event
<p>Interaction network structure reflects the ecological mechanisms acting within biological communities, which are affected by environmental conditions. In tropical forests, higher precipitation usually increases fruit production, which may lead frugivores to increase specialization, resulting in more modular and less nested animal-plant networks. In these ecosystems, El Niño is a major driver of precipitation, however, we still lack knowledge of how species interactions change under this influence. To understand bat-plant network structure during an extreme ENSO event, we determined the links between frugivorous bat species and the plants they consume by DNA barcoding seeds and pulp in bat faeces. These interactions were recorded in the dry forest and rainforest of Costa Rica, during the dry and the wet seasons of an extreme El Niño year. From these we constructed seasonal and whole-year bat-plant networks and analyzed their structures and dissimilarities. In general, networks had low nestedness, high modularity, and were dominated by one large compartment which included most species and interactions. Contrary to our expectations, networks were less nested and more modular in drier conditions, both in the comparison between forest types and between seasons. We suggest that increased competition, when resources are scarce during drier seasons and habitats, lead to higher resource partitioning among bats and thus higher modularity. Moreover, we have found similar network structures between dry and rainforests during El Niño and non El Niño years. Finally, most interaction dissimilarity among networks occurred due to interaction rewiring among species, potentially driven by seasonal changes in resource availability.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.