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FIG. 5 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 5. Lateral line development in E. lori. (A–E) Supraorbital (SO) canal with canal neuromasts (CNs) between orbits and superficial neuromasts in larvae. (A) CN (arrow) prior to canal enclosure (Stage I) at 0 dph. (B) CN (arrow) in depression as canal formation starts (Stage IIa) at 10 dph (5 mm SL). Nuclei of cells in two layers are visible in the neuromast (upper layer, sensory hair cells; lower layer, non-sensory support cells). (C) Left and right CNs (arrows) in the SO canal in the dorsal midline, with canal walls rising (*, Stage IIb), but not yet enclosing the CNs. (D) Left and right CNs (arrows, as in C; cupula of left neuromast is visible) are enclosed in the ossified SO canal (Stage IV; wild-caught settler, 14 mm SL). (E) Example of a line of densely placed superficial neuromasts (line c2) in wild-caught settler (14 mm SL) in the nasal area; prominent olfactory epithelium (oe). Stages of canal development (I–IV) follow Webb and Shirey (2003). (F–J) Ontogeny of superficial neuromast size and shape in E. lori showing diamond shape and gradual restriction of hair cells to a central, oval sensory strip. Axis of best physiological sensitivity (hair cell orientation) is perpendicular to the long axis of the neuromast. (F) 0 dph—neuromast on trunk is already diamond-shaped, (G) 10 dph—neuromast on trunk, (H) 20 dph—neuromast on cheek, (I) 34 dph—neuromast on cheek, note that sensory strip takes up a smaller portion of area of the neuromast compared to those in F–H. (J) Adult—superficial neuromast on caudal fin. Scale bars: A–E, 50 lm; F–H, 2 lm; I–J, 5 lm.

FIG. 9 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 9. Comparison of neuromast size in post-settlement juveniles and adult E. lori. Least squared means of (A) neuromast length and (B) neuromast width and standard error are plotted for each neuromast type (canal neuromasts [CN], canal neuromast homologs [CNH], superficial neuromasts [SN])—Head CN (n ¼ 13), Head CNH (n ¼ 45), Head SN (n ¼ 102), Trunk SN (n ¼ 65), and Tail SN (n ¼ 8)—based on linear measurements of scanning electron micrographs. Statistically significant differences are indicated by brackets (post hoc Tukey's HSD, P, 0.05).

FIG. 1 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 1. Examples of the distribution of lateral line canal pores (open circles) and superficial neuromasts (filled circles) in longitudinal and transverse patterns in gobies. (A) Thorogobius macrolepis has a longitudinal pattern with lines ventral to the eye (lines a, b, c, and d) that extend rostro-caudally (re-drawn from Sanzo, 1911). (B) Elacatinus oceanops has a transverse pattern with lines ventral to the eye that radiate from the edge of the orbit, the site of the ancestral infraorbital canal (the only published data for Elacatinus spp.; re-drawn from Miller, 1972). (C) Tigrigobius limbaughi (¼Elacatinus limbaughi), with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Hoese and Reader, 2001). (D) Tigrigobius macrodon, with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Miller, 1972).

FIG. 4 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 4. Distribution of superficial neuromasts (black circles) in body and caudal series in an E. lori post-settlement juvenile (''settler''; 38 dph, 9.5 mm SL) based on fluorescent images (see also Fig. 2D–G). Superficial neuromast series (defined by Sanzo, 1911) are color-coded: blue ¼ oculoscapular, purple ¼ anterior dorsal, pink ¼ body, and brown ¼ caudal. Names for superficial neuromast lines within series follow Sanzo (1911) and Wongrat and Miller (1991). The large pectoral fin is not drawn in order to visualize all neuromasts on the trunk. See text for additional details.

FIG. 12 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 12. Neuromast morphology in species of Tigrigobius (lateral views; rostral to left). (A) T. multifasciatus (AMNH 23621)—radiating superficial lines on the cheek (3, 4, 5, b, d; see Fig. 3B). (B) Lines 5 and b (see box in A), which have a tip-to-tip arrangement. (C) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)— preopercular canal (PO) pores (e, c) and opercular series (lines ot, os, oi, forming the ''F'' on the operculum). (D) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)— superficial neuromast line on trunk just caudal to tip of pectoral fin when against body. (E) T. dilepis (AMNH 250269)—diamond-shaped superficial neuromasts in line os (ventral horizontal line in ''F'' on operculum) with ''tip-to-tip'' arrangement and hair cell orientation (double-headed arrows) perpendicular to line. (F) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)—first two diamond-shaped superficial neuromasts in line b (see box in B) with ''tip-to-tip'' arrangement and hair cell orientation (double-headed arrows) perpendicular to line. Scale bars: A, C, 200 lm; B, D, 100 lm; E–F, 20 lm.

FIG. 8 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 8. Neuromast arrangements within lines in E. lori and other goby species examined. (A) Canal neuromasts, aligned ''side-by-side'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity parallel to the length of the canal and line of neuromasts (black lines represent canal walls). (B) Canal neuromast homologs or caudal fin superficial neuromasts, arranged ''side-by-side'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity parallel to line of neuromasts. On the caudal fin, each neuromast line is located on the membrane between adjacent fin rays. Dashed lines represent location of canal walls (in an ancestral canal) on the head or the fin rays on the tail. (C) Superficial neuromasts aligned ''tip-to-tip'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity perpendicular to line. Gray area ¼ sensory strip. Double-headed arrow ¼ axis of best physiological sensitivity (hair cell orientation).

FIG. 11 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 11. Ontogeny of neuromast number on one side of head in E. lori larvae and post-settlement juveniles (0–44 dph and wild-caught settler) based on histological material. Black circles ¼ canal neuromasts, open circles ¼ canal neuromast homologs þ superficial neuromasts. Canal neuromast number increases to a constant (n ¼ 8), which is reached at ~6 mm SL (~15 dph), while canal neuromast homologs and superficial neuromast number increase in number with fish size (R2 ¼ 0.982).

FIG. 7 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 7. Superficial neuromasts and canal neuromast homologs on the head and trunk in E. lori (rostral to left in all images). (A) Radiating lines of superficial neuromasts (lines 2, 3, 4, 5, b, and d) on cheek (lateral view). (B) Superficial neuromast series (lines ot, os, and oi) form an ''F'' on operculum (lateral view); preopercular canal pores (e, c) visible. (C) Post-otic region of head (caudal to post-otic canal pore); upper pair of SNs are aligned tip-to-tip and lower group of neuromasts extending caudally from the canal pore are aligned side-by-side (interpreted as canal neuromast homologs). (D) Portion of the double line of neuromasts on mandible (in ventral view), in which the neuromasts in the upper (more lateral) line have a tip-to-tip arrangement (line e; superficial neuromasts) and those in the lower (more median) line have a side-to-side arrangement (line i; canal neuromast homologs). (E) On the trunk, a line of three superficial neuromasts at the horizontal septum arranged tip-to-tip. (F) Middle row of superficial neuromasts on caudal fin (line lc1) aligned side-to-side. Double-headed arrows indicate axis of best physiological activity of hair cells in all images. Scale bars: A–B, 200 lm; C, 100 lm; D–E, 10 lm; F, 20 lm.

FIG. 6 in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 6. Alcyonidium nodosum. Diagrammatic reconstruction of a mammilla showing male zooids surrounded by female zooids; thickness and substance of colony arbitrary. Arrows indicate suggested directions and strengths of water ¯ows.

FIG. 5. Hippoporidra dictyota n in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 5. Hippoporidra dictyota n. sp. (A) Reconstruction of a mammilla in vertical section, showing three male zooids, surrounded by non-mammilla autozooids; arrows indicate presumed directions and magnitude of ¯ow (see text). (B) Lophophore of nonmammilla autozooid in ventral (left) and side (right) views. (C) Lophophore of male zooid in ventral (left) and side (right) views. V, ventral, D, dorsal.

FIG. 4. Hippoporidra dictyota n in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 4. Hippoporidra dictyota n. sp. Opercula and avicularian mandibles. (A) Operculum of non-mammilla (presumed female) zooid. (B) Operculum of mammilla (presumed male) zooid. (C, D) Mandibles of adventitious avicularia. (E, F) Mandibles of vicarious avicularia. Specimen from Black Rocks, Beaufort, North Carolina.

FIG. 3. Hippoporidra dictyota n in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 3. Hippoporidra dictyota n. sp., scanning electron micrographs, paratype specimen (USNM: 21601). (A) Portion of surface, scale bar 5 1 mm. (B) A mammilla, with male zooids and avicularia, scale bar 100 mm. (C) Ori®ce of male zooid and vicarious avicularium, scale bar 100 mm. (D) Ori®ce of female zooid, scale bar 100 mm. (E) Ovicells and vicarious avicularia (scale as D). adv, adventitious avicularium; or, ori®ce; ov, ovicell; vic, vicarious avicularium.

FIGURE 3 in Comparative Morphology, Ultrastructure And Functions Of The Excretory Organ (Postventricular Midgut) In The Parasitengona (Acariformes)

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FIGURE 1 in Comparative Morphology, Ultrastructure And Functions Of The Excretory Organ (Postventricular Midgut) In The Parasitengona (Acariformes)

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FIGURE 7 in Comparative Morphology, Ultrastructure And Functions Of The Excretory Organ (Postventricular Midgut) In The Parasitengona (Acariformes)

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FIGURE 8 in Comparative Morphology, Ultrastructure And Functions Of The Excretory Organ (Postventricular Midgut) In The Parasitengona (Acariformes)

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FIGURE 6 in Comparative Morphology, Ultrastructure And Functions Of The Excretory Organ (Postventricular Midgut) In The Parasitengona (Acariformes)

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FIGURE 5 in Comparative Morphology, Ultrastructure And Functions Of The Excretory Organ (Postventricular Midgut) In The Parasitengona (Acariformes)

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