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154 results for “gregariousness”
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Acanthormius (Braconidae: Lysiterminae) reared as a gregarious parasitoid of psychid caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India
FIGURE 1. Acanthormius indicus Gupta & Quicke sp. nov., female. A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, head, frontal view; C, head and antennae; D, head and anterior mesosoma, dorsal view.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Acanthormius (Braconidae: Lysiterminae) reared as a gregarious parasitoid of psychid caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India
FIGURE 2. Acanthormius indicus Gupta & Quicke sp. nov., female. A, Head and mesosoma, dorsal view; B, mesoscutum and scutellum, dorsal view; C, propodeum and 1st metasomal tergite, dorsal view; D, wings; E, metasoma, dorsal view; F, 3rd metasomal tergite, oblique lateral view; G, metasoma, oblique lateral view.
Data from: Plant quantity affects development and survival of a gregarious insect herbivore and its endoparasitoid wasp
Virtually all studies of plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions focus on plant quality as the major constraint on development and survival. However, for many gregarious feeding insect herbivores that feed on small or ephemeral plants, the quantity of resources is much more limiting, yet this area has received virtually no attention. Here, in both lab and semi-field experiments using tents containing variably sized clusters of food plants, we studied the effects of periodic food deprivation in a tri-trophic system where quantitative constraints are profoundly important on insect performance. The large cabbage white Pieris brassicae, is a specialist herbivore of relatively small wild brassicaceous plants that grow in variable densities, with black mustard (Brassica nigra) being one of the most important. Larvae of P. brassicae are in turn attacked by a specialist endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata. Increasing the length of food deprivation of newly molted final instar caterpillars significantly decreased herbivore and parasitoid survival and biomass, but shortened their development time. Moreover, the ability of caterpillars to recover when provided with food again was correlated with the length of the food deprivation period. In outdoor tents with natural vegetation, we created conditions similar to those faced by P. brassicae in nature by manipulating plant density. Low densities of B. nigra lead to potential starvation of P. brassicae broods and their parasitoids, replicating nutritional conditions of the lab experiments. The ability of both unparasitized and parasitized caterpillars to find corner plants was similar but decreased with central plant density. Survival of both the herbivore and parasitoid increased with plant density and was higher for unparasitized than for parasitized caterpillars. Our results, in comparison with previous studies, reveal that quantitative constraints are far more important that qualitative constraints on the performance of gregarious insect herbivores and their gregarious parasitoids in nature.
FIGURE 13 in A new species of gregarious Meteorus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from caterpillars of Venadicodia caneti (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Costa Rica
FIGURE 13. Habitus of Meteorus oviedoi female, lateral view, showing color patterns. FIGURE 14. Metasomal tergite 2 of Meteorus oviedoi female, dorsal view, showing median white broad hourglassshaped pattern.
FIGURE 9 in A new species of gregarious Meteorus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from caterpillars of Venadicodia caneti (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Costa Rica
FIGURE 9. Apex of hind tibia and hind basitarsus of Meteorus oviedoi female, lateral view, showing size of hind tibial spurs as compared with length of hind basitarsus. FIGURE 10. Apex of hind leg of Meteorus oviedoi female, ventral view, showing shape of the hind claws with blunt basal tooth. FIGURE 11. Entire metasoma of Meteorus oviedoi female, dorsal view, showing length of the ovipositor relative to the metasoma. FIGURE 12. Metasomal tergite 1 of Meteorus oviedoi female, dorsal view, showing longitudinal costae on apical half beyond spiracles and the convergent pattern of costae posteriorly. Note also the absence of dorsopes on the petiole.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of gregarious Meteorus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from caterpillars of Venadicodia caneti (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Costa Rica
FIGURE 5. Head of Meteorus oviedoi female, anterior view. FIGURE 6. Closeup of head venter of Meteorus oviedoi female, anterior view, showing sculpture of lower clypeal margin, width of malar space, and shape of the mandible. FIGURE 7. Apex of antenna of Meteorus oviedoi female, lateral view, showing relative sizes of flagellomeres 27 to flagellomere 30 (apical flagellomere) and acutely pointed apex. FIGURE 8. Base of hind leg of Meteorus oviedoi female, lateral view, showing finely rugulose sculpture on coxa.
FIG. 2 in Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
FIG. 2. Small aggregation of Goniosoma longipes on a cave wall at Parque Florestal do Itapetinga, South-east Brazil. Note the overlapping of legs. Scale bar = 2 cm.
FIG. 1 in Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
FIG. 1. Activity schedule of Goniosoma longipes at Parque Florestal do Itapetinga, Southeast Brazil. The moon and the sun indicate dusk and dawn, respectively.
FIGURE 3. Male genitalia. A–C in Two new species of Phareicranaus Roewer, 1913 (Opiliones: Laniatores: Cranaidae), with notes on gregarious behavior and maternal care in Phareicranaus manauara
FIGURE 3. Male genitalia. A–C, Phareicranaus rohei sp. nov.: A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, ventral view. Phareicranaus tizana sp. nov.: D, dorsal view. E, lateral view. F, ventral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 4. A in Two new species of Phareicranaus Roewer, 1913 (Opiliones: Laniatores: Cranaidae), with notes on gregarious behavior and maternal care in Phareicranaus manauara
FIGURE 4. A, live male of Phareicranaus tizana sp. nov., photo by P. A. Colmenares. B, nymphs of Phareicranaus manauara aggregating in the tree trunk of site two at Reserva Ducke in Manaus, Amazonas state in Brazil, photo by G. Giribet.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Phareicranaus Roewer, 1913 (Opiliones: Laniatores: Cranaidae), with notes on gregarious behavior and maternal care in Phareicranaus manauara
FIGURE 1. Male holotype of Phareicranaus rohei sp. nov., male holotype. A, habitus, lateral view. B, habitus, dorsal view. C, pedipalp, ventral view. D, femur IV, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Phareicranaus Roewer, 1913 (Opiliones: Laniatores: Cranaidae), with notes on gregarious behavior and maternal care in Phareicranaus manauara
FIGURE 5. Aggregation in Phareicranaus manauara in site one at Reserva Ducke, in Manaus, Amazonas state in Brazil: A, three individuals aggregating. B, a couple, with the male in an extended resting position, photos by G. Giribet.
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Phareicranaus Roewer, 1913 (Opiliones: Laniatores: Cranaidae), with notes on gregarious behavior and maternal care in Phareicranaus manauara
FIGURE 6. Distribution of Phareicranaus rohei sp. nov. (triangle) and Phareicranaus tizana sp. nov. (circle).
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Phareicranaus Roewer, 1913 (Opiliones: Laniatores: Cranaidae), with notes on gregarious behavior and maternal care in Phareicranaus manauara
FIGURE 2. Male holotype of Phareicranaus tizana sp. nov., male holotype. A, habitus, lateral view. B, habitus, dorsal view. C, pedipalp, ventral view. D, femur IV, dorsal view. E, patella and tibia IV, dorsal and ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Data from: Contagious fear: escape behaviour increases with flock size in European gregarious birds
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Data from: Temperature, size, reproductive allocation, and life-history evolution in a gregarious caterpillar
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Data from: Silk properties and overwinter survival in gregarious butterfly larvae
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Data from: Complementary sex determination, inbreeding depression and inbreeding avoidance in a gregarious sawfly
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Gregariousness, foraging effort, and social interactions in lactating bonobos and chimpanzees
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Data from: Moving on with foraging theory: incorporating movement decisions into the functional response of a gregarious shorebird
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