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371 results for “growth rate”
Data from: The stochastic dynamics of early epidemics: probability of establishment, initial growth rate, and infection cluster size at first detection
<p>Emerging epidemics and local infection clusters are initially prone to stochastic effects that can substantially impact the epidemic trajectory. While numerous studies are devoted to the deterministic regime of an established epidemic, mathematical descriptions of the initial phase of epidemic growth are comparatively rarer. Here, we review existing mathematical results on the epidemic size over time, and derive new results to elucidate the early dynamics of an infection cluster started by a single infected individual. We show that the initial growth of epidemics that eventually take off is accelerated by stochasticity. These results are critical to improve early cluster detection and control. As an application, we compute the distribution of the first detection time of an infected individual in an infection cluster depending on the testing effort, and estimate that the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Alpha detected in September 2020 first appeared in the United Kingdom early August 2020. We also compute a minimal testing frequency to detect clusters before they exceed a given threshold size. These results improve our theoretical understanding of early epidemics and will be useful for the study and control of local infectious disease clusters.</p>
Growth orientations, rather than heterogeneous growth rates, dominate jaw joint morphogenesis in the larval zebrafish
<p>Supplementary material for paper entitled "Growth orientations, rather than heterogeneous growth rates, dominate jaw joint morphogenesis in the larval zebrafish".</p> <p>Raw data, scripts, models and results are made available along with supplementary figures.</p>
No Allee effect detected during the natural recolonization by a large carnivore despite low growth rate
<p>Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have recently naturally recolonized southern Sweden. The first documented reproduction of lynx in recent times occurred in 2003, and the population increased from two to 48 family groups (the unit of measurement in Swedish monitoring) during its first 18 years (2003/04 – 2020/21). We did not detect any Allee effect, i.e., lower growth rate at low population density, during the recolonization of southern Sweden, although our population simulations revealed a non-negligible (30 %) chance that population observed development could include an Allee effect. The probable absence of an Allee effect was likely because colonizing females did not lack mating partners, as a larger number of wide-ranging males were established in the area before documented reproduction took place. Despite the absence of an Allee effect, the growth rate during recolonization was lower in southern Sweden (lambda = 1.20) than in central Sweden (lambda = 1.29). We have no evidence of higher mortality, including that from poaching, or lower reproduction in southern Sweden could explain the lower growth rate. Instead, we suggest that the lower growth rate during the recolonization of southern Sweden was explained by fewer immigrants arriving from central Sweden due to areas of less suitable habitat between central and southern Sweden, partially preventing immigration southward. From a conservation point of view, it is positive that this small population could recover without being negatively influenced by an Allee effect, as small populations with an Allee effect experience lower viability than those without.</p>
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels alter growth rates and shell composition in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa
<p>We investigated the effects of 60-d exposure to end-of-the-century projections for seawater temperature (+3 °C) and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> (+500 µatm) on growth, mineralogy, and organic content of shells and scutes in juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa </em>clams. The provided excel file contains tables supplying the following raw datasets:</p> <p>(1) Concentrations of trace minerals (Data_Minerals) in shells and scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Type</strong> - type of skeletal material sampled (New: newly-formed, Old: older-growth, Shell: shell, Scute: scute).<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>SampleMass_mg</strong> - mass (in mg) of powdered skeletal material analyzed.<br> <strong>X_ppb</strong> - concentration (in parts per billion) of element X (Mg: Magnesium, Si: Silica, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium, Mn: Manganese, As: Arsenic, Sr: Strontium, Ba: Barium, Ca: Calcium) in the sample.<br> <strong>X_mmol_kg-1</strong> - concentration (in mmol kg<sup>-1</sup>) of element X in the sample.<br> <strong>XCaRatio_mmol_mol-1</strong> - ratio of the concentrations of element X (in mmol) and calcium (in mol).<br> <strong>BaCaRatio_µmol_mol-1 </strong>- ratio of the concentrations of barium (in µmol) and calcium (in mol).</p> </blockquote> <p>(2) Morphometric characteristics (Data_Morphometry) of shells/scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X_pre_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (APM: anterior-posterior margin or shell length, DVM: dorsal-ventral margin or shell height, OrnamentationMaxWidth: maximum width of the shell across the scutes, Width: shell width).<br> <strong>X_pre_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (WetMass: whole animal wet mass).<br> <strong>X_post_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_post_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_gain_mm</strong> - change in measurment value (in millimeters) over the course of the 60-d experiment.<br> <strong>X_gain_%change</strong> - change in measurment value over the course of the 60-d experiment as a percentage of the initial, pre-exposure value (i.e., % change).</p> </blockquote> <p>(3) Organic content (Data_Organics) of shells</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X-newgrowth_weight%</strong> - concentration of element X (Nitrogen, Carbon, or Hydrogen) as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in newly-formed shell.<br> <strong>X-oldgrowth_weight% </strong>- concentration of element X as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in older-growth shell.</p> </blockquote> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Growth rate and life history shape plant resistance.
<p>Premise: Plant defenses are shaped by many factors, including herbivory, lifespan, and mating system. Predictions about plant defense and resistance are often based on resource allocation trade‐offs with plant growth and reproduction. Additionally, two types of plant resistance, constitutive and induced resistance, are predicted to be evolutionary alternatives or redundant strategies. Given the variety of plant trait combinations and non‐mutually exclusive predictions, examining resistance strategies in related species with different combinations of growth and reproductive traits is important to tease apart roles of plant traits and evolutionary history on plant resistance.</p> <p>Methods: Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to examine the potentially interacting influences of life history (annual/perennial), mating system (self‐compatible/self-incompatible), and species growth rates on constitutive resistance and inducibility (additional resistance following damage) across Physalis species (Solanaceae).</p> <p>Results: Resistance was evolutionarily labile, and there was no correlation between constitutive resistance and inducibility. Annual species with fast growth rates displayed higher constitutive resistance, but growth rate did not affect constitutive resistance in perennials. In contrast, inducibility was negatively associated with species growth rate regardless of life history or mating system.</p> <p>Conclusions: The different effects of plant life history and growth rate on constitutive resistance and inducibility indicate that defensive evolution is unconstrained by a trade‐off between resistance types. The interactions among plant life history, growth, and herbivore resistance show that plant defense is shaped not only by herbivore environment, but also by plant traits that reflect a plant's evolutionary history and local selective pressures.</p>
Does artificial feeding impact neonate growth rates in a large free-ranging mammal?
<p>Variation and disparity in resource access between individuals in an animal population require attention within human-dominated landscapes where artificial selection processes may be at work. Independent, recreational human-wildlife feeding interactions constitute an increasingly prevalent yet understudied food resource for birds and mammals living in our cities, but only a limited number of risk-taking individuals may access it. Using urban fallow deer as our model species, we hypothesised that if these interactions result in positive effects for the engaging individual, e.g. increased milk quality and yield, then this would result in the increased growth rates of their offspring. Alternatively, if these individuals were prioritising investing time in engagement with humans, resulting in decreased maternal care, then this would result in slower growth rates in offspring. We found that the offspring of those females that regularly interacted with humans displayed significantly faster growth rates than the risk-avoider counterparts. This advantage for fearless mothers in terms of boosted neonatal growth rates could be mirrored in birds accessing garden feeders, seagulls or pigeons utilizing urban resources, or seals approaching city harbours. Here, we add a new piece to the complex puzzle of how humans are manipulating wildlife living within human-dominated landscapes.</p>
High temperature properties incuding creep, creep crack growth rate and thermal fatigue linked with chemical composition of alloys derived from 1.4848 refractory stainless steels
<p>The following set of data results from cast alloys modifying chemical composition taking as reference 1.4848 alloy and getting sound samples that have been tested to calculate creep, creep crack growth rate and thermal fatigue data. </p>
Рис. 5. Рост мидий-сеголетков в подвесной культуре в б. Миноносок (Зал. Посьета) с 1975 по 1996 г. in Study on the growth rates of mollusks in hanging culture in Possjet Bay (Sea of Japan)
Рис. 5. Рост мидий-сеголетков в подвесной культуре в б. Миноносок (Зал. Посьета) с 1975 по 1996 г.
Fig. 1 in Effect of Nutrient, Light Intensity and Temperature on the Growth Rates and Metabolism of a Stress-Resistant Bacillariophyta Species Entomoneis sp. - in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea) Abstract
Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of methodology.
Fig 1 in Growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival rate of Clarias gariepinus fed varied inclusion of processed Moringa oleifera diets
Fig 1: Showing Research Location
Nuc/Mito Ribosomal Ratio as an index of growth rate
<p>The dataset (NMRR.csv) consists of information regarding <em>Daphnia magna</em> in Nuc/Mito ribosomal ratio experiment. Information included treatments, ribosomal ratio, somatic growth rate, size, culture duration, rRNA counts and total RNA concentration. Total 166 samples recorded in this data set. </p> <p>R script file (NMRR.R) consists of R code for all the statistical analysis conducted in this study.</p>
Data from Red Sea damselfish and coral growth rates study
<p>Data sets for Asynchronous effects of heat stress on growth rates of massive corals and damselfishes in the Red Sea paper. These data are derived from coral cores and damselfish otoliths from the farasan banks in the Red Sea. The data includes 2 meta data sets for each species (coral_perfect & fish.2_copy), along with the raw data sets of untreated growth rates of both species, information for the coral reefs/environmental parameters that were used to build models in SPSS. </p>
Data from: Assessing the effect of tissue and fire-response traits on plant growth rates post-disturbance in Eastern Australia
<p>Here is the necessary code and data to reproduce results published in 'Assessing the effect of tissue and fire-response traits on plant growth rates post-disturbance in Eastern Australia'.</p>
Data and codes for "Habitat structural complexity increases age-class coexistence and population growth rate through relaxed cannibalism in medaka fish"
<p>The zip file contains readme files, as well as data and codes to reproduce results and figures from the paper.</p>
Associations between metabolic traits and growth rate in brown trout (Salmo trutta) depend on thermal regime
<p class="academicstyle"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Metabolism defines the energetic cost of life, yet we still know relatively little about why intraspecific variation in metabolic rate arises and persists. Spatiotemporal variation in selection potentially maintains differences, but relationships between metabolic traits (standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope) and fitness across contexts are unresolved. We show that associations between SMR, MMR, and growth rate (a key fitness-related trait) vary depending on thermal regime (a potential selective agent) in offspring of wild-sampled brown trout from two populations reared for ~15 months in either a cool or warm (+ 1.8°C) regime.<i> </i>SMR was positively related to growth in the cool, but negatively related in the warm regime. The opposite patterns were found for MMR and growth associations (positive in warm, negative in cool regime). Mean SMR, but not MMR, was lower in warm regimes within both populations (i.e., basal metabolic costs were reduced at higher temperatures), consistent with an adaptive acclimation response that optimises growth. Metabolic phenotypes thus exhibited a thermally sensitive metabolic 'floor' and a less flexible metabolic 'ceiling'. Our findings suggest a role for growth-related fluctuating selection in shaping patterns of metabolic variation that is likely important in adapting to climate change.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Novel husbandry practices result in rapid rates of growth and sexual maturation without impacting adult behavior in the blind Mexican cavefish
<p>The development of animal model systems is dependent on the standardization of husbandry protocols that increase fecundity and reduce generation time. The blind Mexican tetra, <em>Astyanax mexicanus</em>, is an emerging genetic vertebrate model for evolution and biomedical research. Surface and cave populations of <em>A. mexicanus</em> have independently evolved, providing a model system for studying the genetic basis of divergent biological traits. While a rapid increase in the use of <em>A. mexicanus</em> has led to the generation of genetic tools including gene-editing and transgenesis, a slow and inconsistent growth rate remains a major limitation to the expanded application of <em>A. mexicanus</em>. The optimization of husbandry protocols that maximize high-nutrient feed, smaller tank densities, and larger tank sizes across development, would facilitate faster growth and expand the use of this model. Here, we describe standardized husbandry practices that optimize growth through a high-protein diet, increased feeding, growth sorting of larvae and juveniles, and tank size transitions based on standard length. These changes to husbandry had a significant effect on growth rates and decreased the age of sexual maturity in comparison to our previous protocols. To determine whether our nutritional change and increased feeding impacted behavior, we tested fish in exploration and schooling assays. We found that a change in diet had no effect on the behaviors we tested, suggesting that increased feeding and rapid growth will not impact the natural variation in behavioral traits. Taken together, this standardized husbandry protocol will accelerate the development of <em>A. mexicanus</em> as a genetic model.</p>
Supplemental information and Data for: Colloidal physics modeling reveals how per-ribosome productivity increases with growth rate in E. coli
<p>Faster growing cells must synthesize proteins more quickly. Increased ribosome abundance only partly accounts for increases in total protein synthesis rates. The productivity of individual ribosomes must increase too, almost doubling by an unknown mechanism. Prior models point to diffusive transport as a limiting factor but surface a paradox: faster growing cells are more crowded, yet crowding slows diffusion. We suspected physical crowding, transport, and stoichiometry, considered together, might reveal a more nuanced explanation. To investigate, we built a first-principles physics-based model of <em>E. coli</em> cytoplasm in which Brownian motion and diffusion arise directly from physical interactions between individual molecules of finite size, density, and physiological abundance. Using our microscopically-detailed model, we predict that physical transport of individual ternary complexes accounts for ~80% of translation elongation latency. We also find that volumetric crowding increases at faster growth even as cytoplasmic mass density remains relatively constant. Despite slowed diffusion, we predict that improved proximity between ternary complexes and ribosomes wins out, illustrating a simple physics-based mechanism for how individual elongating ribosomes become more productive. We speculate how crowding imposes a physical limit on growth rate and undergirds cellular behavior more broadly. Unfitted colloidal-scale modeling offers systems biology a complementary "physics engine" for exploring how cellular-scale behaviors arise from physical transport and reactions among individual molecules.</p>
Data for: Temperature effects on growth rates of Daphnia from different populations
<p>When comparing somatic growth thermal performance curves (TPCs), higher somatic growth across experimental temperatures is often observed for populations originating from colder environments. Such countergradient variation has been suggested to represent <em>adaptation to seasonality</em>, or shorter favorable seasons in colder climates. Alternatively, populations from cold climates may outgrow those from warmer climates at low temperature, and vice versa at high temperature, representing <em>adaptation to temperature</em>. Using modelling, we show that distinguishing between these two types of adaptation based on TPCs requires knowledge about (i) the relationship between somatic growth rate and population growth rate, which in turn depends on the scale of somatic growth (absolute or proportional), and (ii) the relationship between somatic growth rate and mortality rate in the wild. We illustrate this by quantifying somatic growth rate TPCs for three populations of <em>Daphnia magna</em> where population growth scales linearly with proportional somatic growth. For absolute somatic growth, the northern population outperformed the two more southern populations across temperatures, and more so at higher temperatures, consistent with <em>adaptation to seasonality</em>. In contrast, for the proportional somatic growth TPCs, and hence population growth rate, TPCs tended to converge towards the highest temperatures. Thus, if the northern population pays an ecological mortality cost of rapid growth in the wild, this may create crossing population growth TPCs consistent with <em>adaptation to temperature</em>. Future studies within this field should be more explicit in how they extrapolate from somatic growth in the lab to fitness in the wild.</p>
Evaluation of the stratospheric contribution to the inter-annual variabilities of tropospheric methane growth rates
<p>Input invariant emission inventory, OH field and the stratospheric loss field in fixed-budget simulation </p> <p> </p>
Growth rate and oviposition preference of Oc. togoi & Ae. albopictus in salinity stress
<p><em><span>Ochlerotatus togoi</span></em><span><em> </em>is a salt-tolerant euryhaline mosquito that lays its eggs in rock pools. Although it is a pest that transmits flaviviruses and filarial worms to humans, ecological studies have not been actively conducted because of its limited habitat. Rising sea levels have created a favorable environment for <em>Oc. togoi</em> to survive; additionally, the incidence of <em>Oc. togoi</em>-borne diseases may increase with an increase in population of <em>Oc. togoi</em>. We examined oviposition and growth rates in the range of 0–35 psu to obtain ecological data for <em>Oc. togoi</em>. <em>Ochlerotatus togoi</em> exhibited the highest oviposition preference at 0 psu; however, the hatching rate was highest at 10 psu, the pupation rate was highest at 25 psu, and the emergence rate was highest at 5 psu. <em>Ochlerotatus togoi</em> showed the highest rate of growth into adults at 25 psu. The results were verified for statistical significance using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis H tests (post hoc test: Bonferroni), and a regression equation was generated for the incidence of adult <em>Oc. togoi</em> based on the change in salinity (y = −14.318 + 9.821x; y = adult incidence rate; x = salinity). The oviposition habits and developmental conditions of <em>Oc. togoi</em> were confirmed and the number of <em>Oc. togoi </em>was predicted based on the changes in sea level and ocean salinity. The results of this study are expected to be used for controlling salt-tolerant vectors and responding to vector-borne diseases.</span></p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.