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308 results for “habitat selection”
Post-release movement and habitat selection of translocated pine martens Martes martes
Monitoring post-release establishment and movement of animals is important in evaluating conservation translocations. We translocated 39 wild pine martens Martes martes (19 females, 20 males) from Scotland to Wales. We released them into forested areas with no conspecifics in 2015, followed by a second release in 2016, alongside the previously released animals. We used radio-tracking to describe post-release movement and habitat selection. Six martens (15%) were not re-encountered during the tracking period, of which four undertook long-distance dispersal. For the remaining individuals, we characterised two phases of movement, 'exploration' followed by 'settlement', that differed between releases. In the first release, martens remained in exploration phase for a mean of 14.5 days (SE=3.9 days) and settled at a mean distance of 8.7km (SE=1.8km) from release sites, whereas martens released in year two, alongside resident conspecifics, travelled away from release sites at a faster rate, settling sooner, at a mean of 6.6 days (SE=1.8 days), but further, at a mean distance of 14.0km (SE=1.7km) from release sites. Animals released in year one did not exhibit habitat preferences overall but within forests they favoured recently-felled areas, whereas animals released in year two showed strong selection for forested habitat but did not discriminate between forest types. The presence of conspecifics appeared influential for settlement and site fidelity of translocated martens and was associated with more rapid but more distant dispersal of the later cohort. Releases of animals in close proximity appeared to promote site fidelity and rapid establishment of ranges in the recipient environment.
The influence of human disturbances on the spatio-temporal habitat selection patterns of roe deer near Trento (Italy)
<p>This is the dataset used for the MSc. thesis of Matthijs Hinkamp for the master Earth Sciences (Environmental Management track) at the University of Amsterdam.</p> <p>In this thesis the Individual Movement Sequence Analysis Method (IM-SAM) was applied to analyse the influence of human disturbances on the sequential habitat use of roe deer in northern Italy. While it is known that in this area the roe deer populations are affected by anthropogenic pressures, the actual spatial and temporal implications of such pressures are unknown.</p> <p>The input for IM-SAM consisted of habitat sequences, which were obtained through tracking data from the Fondazione Edmund Mach, land use and land cover maps and temporal information. Based on exploratory dissimilarity trees for the real behavioural sequences, several simulation profiles were established, each with a different habitat use pattern.</p> <p>The results show that most roe deer prefer isolated forest areas, but alternating patterns are definitely present. Several co variables were assessed: the influence of the hunting season, increased pressure during weekends, differences between protected and unprotected areas and changes in the average NDVI. It seems that roe deer are affected by the hunting pressure in September. This month shows an increase in the prevalence of alternating profiles, which indicates that roe deer tend to change their habitat use during periods of the day when hunting takes place. It cannot be concluded that habitat use patterns are altered during the weekends and the differences between sequences in protected and unprotected areas seem to be relatively small. However, some results indicate that alternating habitat use is a strategy for some roe deer in protected areas. When looking at the NDVI values, it becomes clear that the average NDVI is higher overall for the alternating profiles, but this just underlines the general conclusions drawn about the habitat use strategies in September.</p>
Data: Assessing year-round habitat use by migratory sea ducks in a multi-species context reveals seasonal variation in habitat selection and partitioning
<p>This data file consists of state-space model-derived locations and individual data used to analyze transmitter effects for sea ducks in Eastern North America and is associated with the manuscript "Assessing year-round habitat use by migratory sea ducks in a multi-species context reveals seasonal variation in habitat selection and partitioning" published in Ecography. Columns are organized as follows:</p> <p>id - unique identifier</p> <p>species - species from which the centroid was obtained (BLSC = black scoter, COEI = common eider, LTDU = long-tailed duck, SUSC = surf scoter, WWSC = white-winged scoter)</p> <p>date - date of location (mm/dd/yy)</p> <p>jday - Julian date of location</p> <p>year - calendar year of location</p> <p>lon - longitude of location</p> <p>lat - latitude of location</p> <p>b - average assignment of location to either migrant (1) or resident (2) across all runs of the state-space model</p> <p>b.5 - most probable behavioral category based on average state assignment (1 = b ≤ 1.5 ; 2 = b > 1.5)</p> <p>sex - sex of individual (M = male, F = female)</p> <p>age - age of individual (HY = hatch year, SY = second year, TY = third year, ASY = after second year, ATY = after third year, AHY = after hatch year</p> <p>capture_reg - general area where individual was captured</p> <p>capture_subreg - specific region within capture region where individual was captured</p> <p>stage - period of the annual cycle to which the centroid belongs (W = winter, B = breeding, S = spring staging, M = fall staging and molt, WM = winter migration, BM = breeding migration, MM = molt migration, SM = spring migration)</p> <p>site - position of centroid within season (i.e., W1 = first site occupied during winter, W2 = second site occupied, etc.)</p> <p>cycle - number of annual cycles following transmitter attachment (1 = first cycle after attachment, 2 = second cycle after attachment, etc.)</p> <p>season - season of annual cycle in which centroid occurred (W = winter, F = fall, B = breeding, S = spring)</p>
Selective extinctions resulting from random habitat destruction lead to under‐estimates of local and regional biodiversity loss in a manipulative field experiment
<p>Land-use change is a significant cause of anthropogenic extinctions, which are likely to continue and accelerate as habitat conversion proceeds in most biomes. One way to understand the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity is through improved tools for predicting the number and identity of species losses in response to habitat loss. There are relatively few methods for predicting extinctions and even fewer opportunities for rigorously assessing the quality of these predictions. In this paper we address these issues by applying a new method based on rarefaction to predict species losses after random, but aggregated, habitat loss. We compare predictions from three rarefaction models, individual-based, sample-based, and spatially-clustered, to those derived from a commonly-used extinction estimation method, the Species-Area Relationship (SAR). We apply each method to a mesocosm experiment, in which we aim to predict species richness and extinctions of arthropods immediately following 50% habitat loss. While each model produced strikingly accurate predictions of species richness immediately after the habitat loss disturbance, each model significantly underestimated the number of extinctions occurring at both the local (within-mesocosm) and regional (treatment-wide) scales. Despite the stochastic nature of our small-scale, short-term, and randomly applied habitat loss experiment, we found surprisingly clear evidence for extinction selectivity, for example when abundant species with low extinction probabilities were extirpated following habitat loss. The important role played by selective extinction even in this contrived experimental system suggests that ecologically driven, trait-based extinctions play an equally important role to stochastic extinction, even when the disturbance itself has no clear selectivity. As a result, neutrally stochastic null models such as the SAR and rarefaction are likely to underestimate extinctions caused by habitat loss. Nevertheless, given the difficulty of predicting extinctions, null models provide useful benchmarks for conservation planning by providing minimum estimates and probabilities of species extinctions.</p>
Data from: Sound settlement: noise surpasses land cover in explaining breeding habitat selection of secondary cavity-nesting birds
Birds breeding in heterogeneous landscapes select nest sites by cueing in on a variety of factors from landscape features and social information to the presence of natural enemies. We focus on determining the relative impact of anthropogenic noise on nest site occupancy, compared to amount of forest cover, which is known to strongly influence the selection process. We examine chronic, industrial noise from natural gas wells directly measured at the nest box as well as site-averaged noise, using a well-established field experimental system in northwestern New Mexico. We hypothesized that high levels of noise, both at the nest site and in the environment, would decrease nest box occupancy. We set up nest boxes using a geospatially paired control and experimental site design and analyzed four years of occupancy data from four secondary cavity-nesting birds common to the Colorado Plateau. We found different effects of noise and landscape features depending on species, with strong effects of noise observed in breeding habitat selection of Myiarchus cinerascens, the Ash-throated Flycatcher, and Sialia currucoides, the Mountain Bluebird. In contrast, the amount of forest cover less frequently explained habitat selection for those species or had a smaller standardized effect than the acoustic environment. Although forest cover characterization and management is commonly employed by natural resource managers, our results show that characterizing and managing the acoustic environment should be an important tool in protected area management.
Habitat complexity dampens selection on prey activity level
<p>Conspecific prey individuals often exhibit persistent differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality) and consequently vary in their susceptibility to predation. How this form of selection varies across environmental contexts is essential to predicting ecological and evolutionary dynamics, yet remains currently unresolved. Here, we use three separate predator–prey systems (sea star–snail, wolf spider–cricket, and jumping spider–cricket) to independently examine how habitat structural complexity influences the selection that predators impose on prey behavioral types. Prior to conducting staged predator–prey interaction encounters, we ran prey individuals through multiple behavioral assays to determine their average activity level. We then allowed individual predators to interact with groups of prey in either open or structurally complex habitats and recorded the number and individual identity of prey that were eaten. Habitat complexity had no effect on overall predation rates in any of the three predator–prey systems. Despite this, we detected a pervasive interaction between habitat structure and individual prey activity level in determining individual prey survival. In open habitats, all predators imposed strong selection on prey behavioral types: sea stars preferentially consumed sedentary snails, while spiders preferentially consumed active crickets. Habitat complexity dampened selection within all three systems, equalizing the predation risk that active and sedentary prey faced. These findings suggest a general effect of habitat complexity that reduces the importance of prey activity level in determining individual predation risk. We reason this occurs because activity level (i.e., movement) is paramount in determining risk within open environments, whereas in complex habitats, other behavioral traits (e.g., escape ability to a refuge) may take precedence.</p>
Selection of a diversionary field and other habitats by large grazing birds in a landscape managed for agriculture and wetland biodiversity
<p>Several populations of cranes, geese, and swans are thriving and increasing in modern agricultural landscapes. Abundant populations are causing conservation conflicts, as they may affect agricultural production and biodiversity negatively. </p> <p>Management strategies involving provisioning of attractive diversionary fields where birds are tolerated can be used to reduce negative impact to growing crops. To improve such strategies, knowledge of how the birds interact with the landscape and respond to current management interventions is key.</p> <p>We used GPS locations from tagged common cranes (Grus grus) and greylag geese (Anser anser) to assess how they use and select differentially managed habitats, such as diversionary fields to decrease impact on agriculture and wetlands protected for biodiversity conservation.</p> <p>Our findings show a high probability of presence of common cranes and greylag geese in the protected area and in the diversionary field, but also on arable fields, potentially causing negative impact on agricultural production and wetland biodiversity.</p> <p>We outline recommendations for how to improve the practice of diversionary fields and complementary management to reduce risk of negative impact of large grazing birds in landscapes tailored for both conservation and conventional agriculture.</p>
Spatially explicit habitat selection: testing contagion and the ideal free distribution with culex mosquitoes
<p>Since its inception, attempts have been made to improve Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) Theory in order make it better fit real-world data. Spatial contagion is a newer ecological concept that suggests the perceived quality of a patch can be affected by the quality of its neighbor patches. Here, we present a series of experiments testing for potential contagion effects, examining how contagion can interact with the IFD, and determining whether spatial context affects assessment of habitat quality. First, we tested whether the presence of conspecific competitors negatively impacts oviposition habitat selection by female mosquitoes (<em>Culex restuans</em>). We then used a more complex spatial landscape to determine whether competition can create a spatial contagion effect. Finally, we examined whether the density of conspecifics can adjust the contagion effect of nutrient availability. We found that while females avoided patches containing conspecifics, there was no effect of competition/density on neighboring patches. Additionally, we found that resource availability was a significant predictor of where egg rafts were laid, but resource availability did not have a contagion effect. These results provide further support for the utility of the IFD, as individuals were able to accurately assess patch-level habitat quality.<br> </p>
Coexistence from a lion's perspective: Movements and habitat selection by African lions (Panthera leo) across a multi-use landscape
<p>Diminishing wild space and population fragmentation are key drivers of large carnivore declines worldwide. Persistence of large carnivores in fragmented landscapes often depends on the ability of individuals to move between separated subpopulations for genetic exchange and recovery from stochastic events. Where separated by anthropogenic landscapes, subpopulations' connectivity hinges on the area's socio-ecological conditions for coexistence and dispersing individuals' behavioral choices. Using GPS-collars and resource- and step-selection functions, we explored African lion (<em>Panthera leo</em>) habitat selection and movement patterns to better understand lions' behavioral adaptations in a landscape shared with pastoralists. We conducted our study in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, a multiuse rangeland, that connects the small, high density lion subpopulation of the Ngorongoro Crater with the extensive Serengeti lion population. Landscape use by pastoralists and their livestock varies seasonally, driven by the availability of pasture, water, and disease avoidance. The most important factor for lion habitat selection was the amount of vegetation cover, followed by the distance to human settlements and the interaction between those two variables, with selectivity strengths varying with season and time of day. All lions were more willing to approach human settlements at night and during the dry season, selecting strongly for cover when moving closer to humans during the day. Resident females most consistently used areas close to humans, but also relied more consistently on cover than males. Connectivity of lion subpopulations, facilitated by nomadic males, does not appear to be blocked by sparse pastoralist settlements and nomadic males avoided humans on the landscape more strongly than did resident lions. These results are consistent with lions balancing risk from humans with exploitation of livestock by altering their behaviors to reduce potential conflict. Our study lends some optimism for the adaptive capacity of lions to promote coexistence with humans in shared landscapes.</p>
Experimental evidence that social information affects habitat selection in Marbled Murrelets
<p>Habitat selection decisions can impact individual fitness and ultimately scale up to mediate population dynamics. Understanding how birds select habitat is thus critical for discerning the biological processes structuring populations and developing conservation strategies, particularly for species in decline. Marbled Murrelet (<i>Brachyramphus marmoratus</i>; hereafter murrelet) populations have declined in recent decades due to loss of late-successional forest nesting habitat and changing ocean conditions that impact foraging success. Most other seabirds in the family Alcidae nest colonially and evidence suggests nesting murrelets may aggregate in stands, yet no studies have examined murrelet use of social information in nest site selection. In 2016 we experimentally simulated presence of murrelets at 14 randomly chosen potential breeding sites by broadcasting murrelet calls throughout the breeding period. Between broadcasting bouts, we recorded calls of wild murrelets and compared call rates with those recorded at 14 control sites (no broadcast). One year after playbacks ceased (2017) we conducted breeding season surveys to document behaviors indicative of murrelet breeding activity. Broadcasting murrelet calls in 2016 increased daily odds of wild murrelets vocalizing during the treatment period by up to 15.4× (95% CI = 2.3, 125.4) relative to control sites. During the 2017 breeding season, the odds of occupancy were 10.0× (CI = 1.2, 81.4) greater at treatment sites than control sites. These results indicate that social information influences murrelet breeding site selection because simulated conspecific presence in potential nesting habitat appeared to attract prospectors in 2016 that continued occupying treatment sites the following year. This conspecific attraction implies murrelet nesting sites are likely to remain occupied over time and that large tracts of nesting habitat may be important for supporting murrelet populations. Murrelets may also be susceptible to information-mediated Allee effects whereby a lack of conspecific information about nesting habitat could exacerbate long-term population declines.</p>
Empirical tests of habitat selection theory reveal that conspecific density and patch quality, but not habitat amount, drive long-distance immigration in a wild bird
<p>Individuals that disperse long distances from their natal site must select breeding patches with no prior knowledge of patch suitability. Despite decades of theoretical studies examining which cues dispersing individuals should use to select breeding patches, few empirical studies have tested the predictions of these theories at spatial scales relevant to long-distance dispersal in wild animal populations. Here, we use a novel assignment model based on multiple intrinsic markers to quantify natal dispersal distances of Wood Thrush (<i>Hylocichla mustelina</i>) breeding in forest fragments. We show that long-distance natal dispersal in this species is more frequent than commonly assumed for songbirds and that habitat selection by these individuals is driven by density-dependence and patch quality but not the amount of habitat surrounding breeding patches. These results represent an important contribution to understanding habitat selection by dispersing individuals, especially with regards to long-distance dispersal.</p>
Fig.1 in Associations Between Habitat Quality And Body Size In The Carpathian-Podolian Land Snail Vestia Turgida: Species Distribution Model Selection And Assessment Of Performance
Fig.1. Sampling sites for Vestia turgida in Ukraine (photo by O. Baidashnikov).
Fig. 5 in Associations Between Habitat Quality And Body Size In The Carpathian-Podolian Land Snail Vestia Turgida: Species Distribution Model Selection And Assessment Of Performance
Fig. 5. Partial dependence plot for terrain roughness index (tri).
Fig. 7 in Associations Between Habitat Quality And Body Size In The Carpathian-Podolian Land Snail Vestia Turgida: Species Distribution Model Selection And Assessment Of Performance
Fig. 7. Partial dependence plot for silt content (SLT).
Fig. 6 in Associations Between Habitat Quality And Body Size In The Carpathian-Podolian Land Snail Vestia Turgida: Species Distribution Model Selection And Assessment Of Performance
Fig. 6. Partial dependence plot for pH water (phh2o).
Data from: Sex-biased habitat selection by American marten in the Acadian forest
<p>Differences in spatial ecology between the sexes are generally expected for mammalian carnivores because of physiological (e.g., sexual dimorphism) or behavioral (e.g., uniparental care of offspring) differences, but sex is rarely included in studies of occurrence or occupancy. We evaluated differences in landscape-scale occurrence, as a function of habitat amount and configuration, between male and female American martens in the heterogeneous, commercially-managed forests of northern Maine. Our analysis focused on resident adults; individuals that had survived to >1 year old, dispersed, and successfully established their home range.</p>
AlligatorReefPhotos.pdf: a selection of images of various reef habitats on Alligator Reef, Florida Keys, from both the 1960s and today, for Starck, W.A., Estapé C.J. & Morgan Estapé, A. (2017) The fishes of Alligator Reef and environs in the Florida Keys: a half-century update. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 27, 74–117.
<p>AlligatorReefPhotos.pdf: a selection of images of various reef habitats from both the 1960s and today, for Starck, W.A., Estapé C.J. & Morgan Estapé, A. (2017) The fishes of Alligator Reef and environs in the Florida Keys: a half-century update. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 27, 74–117.</p>
Functional responses in habitat selection as a management tool to evaluate agri-environment schemes for farmland birds
<p>The folder "functional_responses.zip" contains data analyzed for "Functional responses in habitat selection as a management tool to evaluate agri-environment schemes for farmland birds"</p> <p>The raw LPIS/IACS data are owned by the Saxon State Ministry for Energy, Climate Protection, Environment and Agriculture; they hold sensitive information and hence cannot be made publicly available. They can be requested from the agency for research purposes.</p> <p>Processed data are retrievable from .RDATA in "rdata_mixed_model" and "rdata_functional_responses" folders.</p> <p>"rscript" folder contains R functions of JAGS codes (jags_code.R), data processing (process.R), utility functions (utils.R), and figures (figure_all.R or figure_all_by_sp.R).</p> <p>Dg: Common whitethroat (Curruca communis)</p> <p>Fl: Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis)</p> <p>G: Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella)</p> <p>Ga: Corn bunting (Emberiza calandra)</p> <p> </p> <p>If you have questions regarding data, please contact ryo.ogawa@uni-bonn.de.</p>
Fig. 1 in Exploratory Analyses Of Foraging Habitat Selection Of The Red-Footed Falcon (Falco Vespertinus)
Fig. 1. Location of the study area within Hungary
Figure 1 in Habitat selection of Williams' Jerboa (Allactaga williamsi Thomas, 1897) in Ardabil Province, Iran
Figure 1. The study area in Ardabil Province, Iran.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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