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FIGURE 2 in Unusual sexually dimorphic head morphology in Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea)-a new species of the genus Trivialia Malloch from Peru
FIGURE 2. Trivialia aitupa, sp. nov., holotype male. A. Head, lateral view. B. Head, anterior view. C. Head and thorax, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, dorsal view. E. Abdomen, ventral view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Unusual sexually dimorphic head morphology in Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea)-a new species of the genus Trivialia Malloch from Peru
FIGURE 1. Trivialia aitupa, sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, lateral view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm. B. Type locality in Quincemil, Cusco Province, Peru (courtesy of D.M. Takiya).
FIGURE 3 in Unusual sexually dimorphic head morphology in Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea)-a new species of the genus Trivialia Malloch from Peru
FIGURE 3. Trivialia aitupa, sp. nov., paratype female. A. Habitus, lateral view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm. B. Head, lateral view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Head, dorsal view. E. Abdomen, dorsal view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm.
Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008). in Muridae
Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008).
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996). in Muridae
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996).
Otomys cheesmani previously was included in O.typus but shown to be a distinct spe-cies based on morphological and molecular grounds. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to two known lo-calities in NW Ethiopia, S ofLake Tana. Descriptive notes. Head-body 165-210 mm, tail 77-106 mm, ear 22-24 mm, hindfoot 28-31 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Cheesman's Vlei Rat has shaggy dark pelage and is larger than all other species of Otomys, except the Angolan Vlei Rat (O. anchietae). Fur of Cheesman's Vlei Rat is bright brown, with reddish shade above and pale yellowish gray below. Ears are blackish, and inner surfaces are covered with short rufous hairs. Forefeet and hindfeet are dark gray above. Tail is relatively short (49-3% of head-body length), blackish above and pale yellowish below but notappearing distinctly bicolored. Lower incisors with two deep grooves. M, has four laminae, and M" has eight or nine laminae. in Muridae
Otomys cheesmani previously was included in O.typus but shown to be a distinct spe-cies based on morphological and molecular grounds. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to two known lo-calities in NW Ethiopia, S ofLake Tana. Descriptive notes. Head-body 165-210 mm, tail 77-106 mm, ear 22-24 mm, hindfoot 28-31 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Cheesman's Vlei Rat has shaggy dark pelage and is larger than all other species of Otomys, except the Angolan Vlei Rat (O. anchietae). Fur of Cheesman's Vlei Rat is bright brown, with reddish shade above and pale yellowish gray below. Ears are blackish, and inner surfaces are covered with short rufous hairs. Forefeet and hindfeet are dark gray above. Tail is relatively short (49-3% of head-body length), blackish above and pale yellowish below but notappearing distinctly bicolored. Lower incisors with two deep grooves. M, has four laminae, and M" has eight or nine laminae.
Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570. in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions
Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570.
Figure 1 in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 1. Geographical distribution and introduction history of the small Indian mongoose populations sampled in this study.
Figure 2 in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 2. Centroid size of the crania and mandibles of the specimens of small Indian mongoose from sampled localities in the native and introduced range. Large circles indicate mean values.
Figure 5 in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 5. Cranial and mandibular shape assignments from the discriminant analyses of principal components.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 2. Characters used to assess the head scale pattern for species in the genus Stegonotus. (A) Positions of head scales, sutures, and measurements, including internasals (IN) and the internasal suture (InS), prefrontals (PF) and the prefrontal suture (PfS), the frontal (F) with its length (FL) and width (FW), the supraoculars (SO), and the parietals (P) with the parietal suture (ParS). (B) Positions of the posterior frontal angle (PF /), the anterior parietal angle (AP /) and its lateral ray (yellow line), and the anterior eye line (AE; white line). The underlying specimen is the holotype of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199).
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 7 (E–G). Dorsal head views of four species of Stegonotus, shown to illustrate the position of measurements, sutures, and angles as explained in Fig. 2. The placement of AE in A'–H' documents the position of the eyes relative to the anterior border of the frontal. The yellow line in A'–H' shows the lateral ray of AP /. (E, E') S. cucullatus (RMNH.RENA 47736). (F, F') S. keyensis (holotype, MSNG 7521). (G, G') S. modestus (holotype, RMNH.RENA 324). (H, H') S. parvus (neotype, RMNH.RENA 46844).
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 1. Map of the Banda Sea (dark blue area in the center of the map, showing significant deep-water sea floor topography), adjacent bodies of water, and surrounding landmasses in the eastern part of Wallacea. The yellow buttons indicate type localities for species of the genus Stegonotus, with yellow lines encircling the estimated distributions of these taxa. Included are S. sutteri on Sumba (1); S. florensis on Flores (2); S. lividus on Semau (3); S. modestus on Ambon (4); S. batjanensis on Bacan (5); S. iridis on Batanta (6); S. derooijae on Salawati (7); S. keyensis in the Kei Islands (8); S. aruensis in the Aru Islands (9); S. cucullatus near Manokwari, West Papua (10); Lycodon magnus, a synonym of S. cucullatus, on Supiori (11); and S. parvus on Yapen (12). The insert (A) provides a close-up of the area in the south-central Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea, near the type locality of S. ayamaru sp. nov. Buttons indicate the type locality (red), and two locations of note (white), including the town of Teminabuan (1), Lake Ayamaru (2), and Kamro Village (3).
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 7 (A–D). Dorsal head views of four species of Stegonotus, shown to illustrate the position of measurements, sutures, and angles as explained in Fig. 2. The placement of AE in A'–H' documents the position of the eyes relative to the anterior border of the frontal. The yellow line in A'–H' shows the lateral ray of AP /. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199). (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36). (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing a forward extension of the anterior border of the frontal.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 5. Head of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH 31199) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A'), right lateral (B, B'), left lateral (C, C'), and ventral (D, D') views. Scale abbreviations are as in Fig. 2, with the addition of rostral (R), nasals (N), loreals (L), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), supralabials (SL), infralabials (IL), mental (M), anterior genials (AG), posterior genials (PG), and ventrals (V).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 4. Holotype of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. (C) Enlargement of the subcaudal region to show the extent of dark patterning.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 3. Six conditions of the rostral scale when viewed from above in species of Stegonotus. (A) Not visible. The body of the scale is not visible, and only its tip may show. Pictured is the holotype of S. aruensis (MSNG 30186). (B) Gull wing. The rostral scale is barely visible, and its suture with the internasals forms slightly curved edges that come to a medial point. Pictured is the holotype of S. sutteri (NMBA 14872). (C) Gull wing +. The rostral scale is more visible than in (B). Pictured is the holotype of S. ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199). (D) Shallow V. The suture between rostral and internasals forms an obtuse angle (>> 90°) with straight or nearly straight rays (i.e., not curved into a gull-wing shape). Pictured is the holotype of S. florensis (ZMA 11080). (E) Deep V. The point of the rostral comes up far onto the dorsal surface of the head and lies between the nostrils. It forms an angle close to 90°. Pictured is a specimen of S. cucullatus (RMNH.RENA 47736). (F) U-shaped. The rostral does not have a point on the dorsal surface of the head but the edge of the suture is rounded. Pictured is the holotype of S. poechi (NMW 23406).
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters
FIGURE 6 (A–D). Right lateral views of four species of Stegonotus as photographs (upper images) and line drawings (lower images), illustrating the position of supralabial scales (SL) and the eye. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199), showing SL = 7 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL5 projecting forward from a position behind the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36), showing SL = 8 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL3 projection backwards from a position in front of the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis. In this specimen, SL5 displays a developmental aberration on both sides of the head by being divided into two scales (as indicated by red stippling). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis and S. florensis.
Fig. 3 in Head morphology of Osmylus fulvicephalus (Osmylidae, Neuroptera) and its phylogenetic implications
Fig. 3 Osmylus fulvicephalus, head, three-dimensional reconstructions. a Frontal view, including right half of head capsule. b Lateral view of brain, tracheae and selected muscles. c Anterolateral view of brain, tentorium and selected muscles. d Anterolateral (nearly lateral) view of brain and selected muscles. Labels: ata =anterior tentorial arm, dcer= deuterocerebrum, dta=dorsal tentorial arm, fcon= frontal connective, fg=ganglion frontale, nan=antennal nerve (right antennal nerve obliterated in specimen used for microtome sectioning), ncon= nervus connectivus, noc=ocellar nerve (median ocellar nerve obliterated in specimen used for microtome sectioning), nrec = nervus
Fig. 4 in Head morphology of Osmylus fulvicephalus (Osmylidae, Neuroptera) and its phylogenetic implications
Fig. 4 Osmylus fulvicephalus, three-dimensional reconstructions. a Tentorium. b Left mandible. c Mandibles in situ. Labels: ata = anterior tentorial arm, dta= dorsal tentorial arm, pta=posterior tentorial arm, tb= tentorial bridge, 11= M. craniomandibularis internus, 12=M. craniomandibularis externus
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