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FIGURE 16 in Additions to the holothuroid fauna of the southern African temperate faunistic provinces, with descriptions of new species
FIGURE 16. Synallactes cf mollis.Cherbonnier, SAM-A28023. A. Small tables (crosses) from dorsal body wall; B. large tables from dorsal body wall; C. end of arms of dorsal tables; D. rods from dorsal papillae; E. rods from tube feet; F. small tables (crosses) from ventral body wall; G. largetables from ventral body wall. All drawn to same scale.
FIGURE 2. Ossicles from, a. dorsal body wall, b. ventral body wall, c. tentacles, d. gonad. Scale 200 in Benthodytes violeta, a new species of a deep-sea holothuroid (Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from Mar del Plata Canyon (south-western Atlantic Ocean)
FIGURE 2. Ossicles from, a. dorsal body wall, b. ventral body wall, c. tentacles, d. gonad. Scale 200 µm•
FIGURE 1 in Benthodytes violeta, a new species of a deep-sea holothuroid (Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from Mar del Plata Canyon (south-western Atlantic Ocean)
FIGURE 1. Benthodytes violeta sp. nov. Holotype MACN-In 39098, a. lateral view illustration, b. dorsal view, c. ventral view. Scale 30 mm.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae)
FIGURE 6. Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui sp. nov. A–D, in situ photographs at 200 m depth, taken by Remotely operated vehicle (ROV). A, animal with tentacles partly spread out while attached to sediment (15:47, 27 of August 2017); B, animals with extended tentacles but attached as an epizoon on a cnidarian (12:50, 18 of August 2017); C, animals with fully extended tentacles while partially embedded by posterior body in sandy gravel (12:46, 18 of August 2017); D, a creeping animal on soft bottom (12:32, 27 of August 2017).
FIGURE 5 in A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae)
FIGURE 5. Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui sp. nov. largest dissected paratype (WMNH-2018-INV-4) showing muscles in the anterior body cavity. (Abbreviations: CR, calcareous ring; LM, longitudinal muscle; RM, retractor muscle).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae)
FIGURE 3. Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui sp. nov. Outside view of calcareous ring of holotype (WMNH-2018-INV-3) of, showing plates of calcareous ring and internal organs as classified according to Ludwig's [1889–1892 (1889), p156] system: RI–RV, IR1–IR5, namely, radials (R): RI, medio-ventral; RII, left ventral; RIII, right ventral; RIV, left dorsal; RV, right dorsal; and interradials (IR): IR1,left ventral; IR2, right ventral; IR3, left dorsolateral; IR4, right dorsolateral; IR5, mediodorsal. (Black triangles denote attachment points of retractor muscles).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae)
FIGURE 4. Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui sp. nov. A–K, SEM images of ossicles holotype specimen (WMNH-2018-INV-3) A, tentacle ossicles; B, ossicles of peri-oral skin; C, ossicles of pharyngeal villi; D, introvert ossicles; E, oral valve ossicles; F, ossicles of Mid-dorsal body wall; G, ossicles from mid-ventral body-wall; H, ossicles of dorsal podia; I. ossicles of ventral pedicel; J. ossicles peri-anal body wall and anal papilla; K, ossicles from ovarian tubule.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae)
FIGURE 2. Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui sp. nov. A, B, C, D, G, and H, holotype (WMNH-2018-INV-3); E and F, paratype (WMNH-2018-INV-11). A, lateral view of live animal; B, lateral view of preserved specimen; C, frontal view with retracted tentacle; D, posterior view showing anus; E, paratype, preserved lateral view showing tentacles; F, paratype, frontal view showing tentacles, and lateral view showing tentacles (F'); G, holotype, internal view of anterior left side of body cavity; H, microphoto of madreporite and stone canal. (Abbreviations: ador, antero-dorsal region; ao, anus opening; ap, anal papilla; at, anal teeth; avent, antero-ventral region; calc, calcareous ring; dbw, dorsal body-wall; dp, dorsal podia; dtp, dorsalmost tentacle pairs; intes, intestine; intro, introvert; med, madreporite; mes, mesentery; oo, oral opening; pa, perianal skin; po, perioral skin; pdor, postero-dorsal Region; pvent, postero-ventral region; pv, pharyngeal villi; tent, tentacle; vtp, ventralmost tentacle pair; valve, oral valve; vbw, ventral body-wall; vp, ventral podia).
FIGURE 3 in Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cladolabidae), new addition to the holothuroid fauna of Pakistan
FIGURE 3. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25). A. body wall plates; B. introvert; C. tube feet rods; D. tentacle rods; E. part of calcareous ring—labelled according to Ludwig's 1888-1889 system) (IR—interradial plate, R—radial plate); F. madreporic body.
FIGURE 2 in Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cladolabidae), new addition to the holothuroid fauna of Pakistan
FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates.
Figure 3. a in Observations of reproductive strategies for some dendrochirotid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)
Figure 3. a, transverse section through anterior marsupia of Psolidiella mollis (Ludwig and Heding) (F104865; diameter about 15 mm; photo by LA). b, female P. mollis with differentiated embryos (3–4 mm long) from each of 2 marsupia (left), and undifferentiated eggs or embryos (1.3 mm long) from each of 3 marsupia (right) (F104882; specimen 45 mm long; CR). c, long male genital papilla of Cucumaria acuta Massin (F160042; left; CR); short female genital papilla of C. acuta (F160020; right; CR). d, internal marsupium of C. acuta (F160038; specimen 37 mm long; CR). e, C. georgina group species with differentiated embryos (3–4 mm long) from each of 3 marsupia (left), and undifferentiated eggs or embryos (1.3 mm long) from each of 2 marsupia (right) (F85853; 33 mm long; CR). f, Psolus charcoti Vaney with 1 and 7 undifferentiated eggs or embryos (1.7 to 1.8 mm long) from each of 2 marsupia; 7 differentiated embryos (3.5 mm long) from 1 marsupium (left); and 4 and 1 marsupial juveniles (4.0 mm long) from each of 2 marsupia (middle and right) (F86009; specimen 55 mm long; LA).
FIGURE 1 in Comparing genetic markers' efficiencies for discrimination between two commercially important holothuroids in the Mediterranean Sea, Holothuria polii and Holothuria sanctori
FIGURE 1. Whole mount, fresh samples of Holothuria sanctori (1,2) and Holothuria polii (3,4).
Data from: Age determination in echinoderms: first evidence of annual growth rings in holothuroids
While age is fundamental in animal biology, forming the basis of critical concepts such as life-history strategies, longevity and population structures, measuring this variable in some taxa remains problematic. Such is the case of holothuroid echinoderms, which play key roles in marine benthic communities from the shore to the abyss, and are extensively fished in many regions across the globe. Here we present and validate a promising aging technique using the cold-water species Psolus fabricii. The method involves the extraction of the oldest dermal plates (largest dorsal ossicles) to preserve their original pigments and structure. While plates initially appear to have a uniform texture, polishing and dying them reveals layered ring patterns. A study of laboratory-reared juveniles, from settlement to 40 months of age, confirmed that one layer is added annually, making plates both larger and thicker, and generating successive light and dark rings, the latter representing the transition (overlap) between two layers. Therefore, each pair of rings represents an annual growth band. Size-at-age data obtained using this method revealed that growth of P. fabricii is slow and that wild individuals collected at diving depths had reached an age of several decades.
FIGURE 3 in Benthodytes violeta, a new species of a deep-sea holothuroid (Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from Mar del Plata Canyon (south-western Atlantic Ocean)
FIGURE 3. SEM images of ossicles from a. body wall, b. tentacles, c. gonad. Scale 200 µm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae)
FIGURE 1. ROV survey localities of the Fisheries Agency of Japan Expedition, August, 2017.
Data from: Age determination in echinoderms: first evidence of annual growth rings in holothuroids
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FIGURE 1 in Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cladolabidae), new addition to the holothuroid fauna of Pakistan
FIGURE 1. Map showing location of Gariyan (map developed by Abrar Ali, Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi)
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