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Fig. 4 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 4. Collection and emergence dates for each of the 27 clades (putative species) of Synergus in this study. Dots indicate individual Synergus emergences; left-most margins of boxes demarcate the earliest gall collection that produced Synergus in each clade. In three cases, boxes with different border styles are used to indicate collection events from galls that occur at different times during the year, and which may indicate the use of temporally distributed gall hosts. Though galls were sometimes collected in different years, each collection was standardized to the year in which the gall first formed. Dates span>1 yr because some insects did not emerge from galls until more than a year after galls were collected.

Fig. 5 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 5. Collection dates, emergence dates, and gall morphologies of three species previously collected under the name Synergus laeviventris.The relationships (as implied by mtCOI) among the three species are shown in the tree at left. Red triangles denote collection dates for galls from which at least one S. laeviventris (black dots) later emerged, such that this figure allows for assessment of when S. laeviventris emerged relative to when their host galls were collected. Boxes are used to isolate distinct collection/eclosion relationships from one another, which we interpret as evidence for discrete generations. Gall wasp species are labeled above the photos of their respective galls (* indicates the photo is a cross-section). Dates are organized to reflect emergence of Synergus relative to when focal galls were formed by gall wasps, such that some Synergus emerge up to 1 yr after gall formation. Dates of eclosion are combined across the 3 yr of collection.

Fig. 1 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 1. Map of gall collections that yielded Synergus samples used in this study. For a list of samples, locations, and tree and gall associations, see SuppTable 2 (online only).

Fig. 3 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 3. Summary phylogenetic tree of Nearctic Synergus mtCOI sequences from this study (shown here collapsed into two clades) combined with Palearctic mtCOI sequences from Synergus and other inquilinous cynipids previously published in Ács et al. (2010). Values above the branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and the values below the branch are maximum likelihood bootstrap values. See Supp Figs. 48 and 49 (online only) for full trees.

Fig. 2 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 2. Overview of all data used in inferring Synergus species hypotheses for this study.Left: simplified mtCOI phylogeny of Synergus included in this study (see Supp Fig. 47 [online only] for full tree). Bold branches indicate support ≥0.9. 'Clade' describes putative species assignments based on the sum of information to the right of this column. Gray bars in ABGD (conservative ['C'] and liberal ['L'] partitions) and bPTP columns indicate assignments of individuals into groups by these respective algorithms. 'Morphological ID' refers to each collection's similarity (or lack of similarity) to previously described species. 'Gall host', 'oak section', 'plant tissue(s)', and 'Host gall morphology' refer to ecological characters for Synergus in each clade, and example photos of galls are shown in Fig. 6.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

American mistletoes: A dataset of Phoradendron species and their hosts across their distribution range

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FIGURE 5 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 5. Map of point localities of Turrana abnormis Distant (triangles) and T. ejuncida sp. nov. (circle). Localities of T. abnormis from Cassis & Gross (2002).

FIGURE 4 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 4. Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. Micro-CT images of female terminalia (WAME106180). A) dorsal, B) ventral, and C) lateral views of tip of abdomen. Scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 3. Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. Micro-CT images of male genitalia (WAME106179). A) pygophore and semi-inflated aedeagus, lateral view; sclerotized portions of conjunctival processes coloured green. B) anterior of aedeagus. C) right paramere. Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. female (WAME106180). A) head, lateral; B) head, dorsal; C) head and thorax, ventral; D) pronotum, dorsal; E) hemelytra, detail; F) metathoracic scent gland. Anterior to left in all images.

FIGURE 1 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 1. Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. dorsal and lateral habitus images. A, B) holotype male (WAME106179); C, D) paratype female (WAME106180).

FIGURE 6 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 6. Collecting sites of Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. in Cape Range National Park. A) flowering Ipomoea yardiensis (detail in inset) on remote rocky ridge adjacent to canyon. B) Triodia epactia (inset shows dry, brown underside of plant) at side of Charles Knife Canyon Road, on ridge.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Data for: The paradoxical rarity of a parasitic fruit fly fungus attacking a broad range of hosts

Understanding the factors that determine the realized and potential distribution of a species requires knowledge of abiotic, physiological, limitations as well as ecological interactions. Entomopathogenic fungi of the order Laboulbeniales specialize on arthropod hosts and are typically thought to be highly specialized on a single host or closely related group of hosts. Because infections are solely transmitted through direct contact of the hosts, the host ecology to a large extent determines the distribution and occurrence of the fungus. We examined ~20,000 fruit flies (Diptera: Dacinae) collected in Malaysia, Sulawesi, Australia and the Solomon Islands between 2017–2019 for ectoparasitic fungal infections and found 197 infected flies across eight different Bactrocera species. Morphology and small subunit (18S) DNA sequences both support that the infections are from a single polyphagous fungal species. This presents the paradox of why S. dacinus is not more common when its hosts are widespread and ubiquitous. In addition, the hosts are all Bactrocera, a genus with ~480 species, but many sympatric Bactrocera were never infected. Host-selection does not appear to be phylogenetically correlated. Our results show that a single fungus species can be found on different host species in different continents. We discuss factors that might be involved in determining the host and distribution range of S. dacinus, such as host resistance, and discuss the potential for population control of agriculturally important hosts, such as the pestiferous Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis and the Queensland fruit fly B. tryoni.

FIGURE 4 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 4. Crystals in the hymenium of Pseudoplectania mystica (photos by Jia Y. Lin, from holotype HKAS133073). a. Overview of crystals in the hymenium. b. Thicker crystals. c. Thinner crystals. d. Medium-sized crystals. Bars: a = 100 µm, b–d = 20 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 3. Microscopic structures of Pseudoplectania mystica (drawings by Jia Y. Lin, from holotype HKAS133073). a. Ascospores. b. Ascus with 8 developed ascospores and an invisible operculum. c. Hymenium elements, from left to right: the sporiferous part of an ascus with 8 developed ascospores and an invisible operculum, the sporiferous part of an empty ascus with its operculum opened, 2 hymenial hairs, and 5 paraphyses. d. Medullary excipulum. e. Ectal excipulum. f. External hairs. g. Basal tomenta. Bars: a, c–g = 10 µm, b = 50 µm (f and g sharing same bar).

FIGURE 2 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 2. The fresh ascomata and habitat of Pseudoplectania mystica (photos by Ling-Han Guo). a–c. Habitat of the specimens—a bamboo forest dominated by a single bamboo species (probably Phyllostachys sp.); the yellow arrows indicate where the ascomata grew. d. Immature ascomata with a blackish hymenial surface growing on dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1851). e. Immature ascomata with a brownish hymenial surface growing on dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1853). f. Immature ascoma with a greyish hymenial surface growing on the mossy dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1854). g. Longitudinal sections of an immature ascoma (L24011). h. Mature ascomata growing on senescing to dead rhizome joints and internodes of bamboo (HKAS133073, holotype). i. Mature ascomata growing on mossy dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HKAS133074). The scale in i is valid for d–i.

FIGURE 1 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Pseudoplectania inferred from concatenated nrITS-nrLSU alignment. Nodes are annotated if supported by ≥50% MLB or ≥0.9 BPP. The clades and subclades concerned are highlighted with background colours and coded. The specimens that we collected are highlighted in bold. (HT), (PT) and (NT) represent holotype, paratype and neotype, respectively. The sites diverging from the majority rule consensus within subclade a that represent the new species are shown with highlights on the left of the tree. The results of species delimitation generated from the ABGD and ASAP programs, and the host of each specimen (according to the references in Table 1) are shown on the right of the tree.

opennotspecifiedJan 2019View details →

FIGURE 61 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems

FIGURE 61. Orobanche rosea lectotype. Nakhichevan, peaks of low mountains 1.5‒2 km east of city of Ordubad, on Prangos ferulacea, 9 June 1956, T. Egorova, N. Tzvelev & S. Cherepanov (LE s.n.).

opennotspecifiedJan 2019View details →

FIGURE 59 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems

FIGURE 59. Orobanche kurdica isolectotype. Iran, in montibus calcareis Avroman et Schahu, June–July 1867, C. Haussknecht (LE s.n.).