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Figure 7 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 7 Comparison of morphological features of the head. A Young adult male. 1. Subtympanic plate with pink in the center. 2. Lower sublabial scales arranged in pairs of nearly identical size. 3. Black anterior edge of the lower sublabial scales. 4. Black border around the subtympanic plate. 5. Prominent nostrils. 6. Black spot between the eye and the tympanum. 7. Absence of horn and light snout. 8. Dark brown eye. 9. Triangular gular spikes. 10. Fewer than 10 gular spikes extended in the upper part of the lower dewlap. 11. High number of aligned nape tubercles. 12. Prominent light-grey tubercles. 13. Light greyish-green coloration on the neck. 14. High light-grey dorsal spines. 15. Dewlap half black. 16. Dorsal part of the limb with light-green scales becoming black with the extension of melanin from the anterior edge to the posterior edge of the scales. B Old male of Iguana melanoderma (Saba). 1. Large all-black subtympanic plate. 2. Extension of the black pigment on the sublabial scales. 3. Black coloration of the labial and upper sublabial scales. 4. Black coloration between the tympanum and the subtympanic plate. 6. Extension of the black spot around the eye and on the posterior labial and sublabial scales.7. Snout turning dark grey. 9, 10. Gular spikes turning dark grey with extension of black patches. 12. Dark grey nape tubercles. 13. Black coloration on the neck. 14. Dorsal spikes turning black. 15. Dewlap completely black. 16. Black upper face of the limb.
Figure 1 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 1 Geographical distribution of the three iguana groups identified by Lazell (1973) in the 1960s and new taxonomic proposition. In the 1960s, the invasive iguanas from South America (Iguana iguana) were only present in the îles des Saintes and Guadeloupe (Basse-Terre) and formed the Central Group. Now, alien iguanas are present and breed on every bank (van den Burg et al. 2018b). The southern group is now considered to support two subspecies Iguana iguana insularis and Iguana iguana sanctaluciae (Breuil et al. 2019). The northern group is considered here as a new species.
Figure 3 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 3 The Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of the ND4 sequences of iguanas. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered is shown next to the branches, as bootstrap support (BS ≥ 70) for ML and Maximum Parsimony (MP) topologies respectively. Sequences amplified by the authors of this study were indicated by colored diamond-shaped marks. Marks are colored based on the sampling sites. Sequences from published studies were labelled by their NCBI GenBank access numbers (Fig. 4). The names of the taxa are classified according to the conclusions of this work. Roman numerals refer to clades identified by Stephen et al. (2013).
Figure 2 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 2 Hierarchical genetic structure of Iguana inferred by Structure and Structure harvester. Bar plots show admixture coefficient of each analyzed individuals (represented by each vertical bar) for the inferred genetic clusters K (represented by a different color). The graphs show Delta K values (Evanno et al. 2005) as a function of K (number of clusters) and calculated from posterior probabilities of the data (i.e., ln [P(D|K)]). The results inferred K = 2 genetic clusters when they were initially based on the overall sampling. A subsequent run, including individuals from Montserrat-Saba and French Guiana, revealed significant genetic substructure (i.e., K = 2) separating individuals from Montserrat-Saba and those from French Guiana. Independently, another subsequent run including only individuals from Saint Lucia and the Grenadines revealed no genetic substructure. The bar plots were produced using Distruct 1.1 program (Rosenberg 2004) from the average of the 15 replicates. The names of the taxa are given according to Breuil et al. (2019) and to the conclusion of this work for Saba and Montserrat.
Figure 12 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 12 Distribution of Iguana melanoderma in Montserrat and Saba. Each square is 2 km along a side.
Figure 11 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 11 A basking Iguana melanoderma optimizing after different trials its warming by a curved position when the sun is low on the horizon on the Windward coast of Saba.
Figure 4 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 4 The Median-Joining (MJ) network of the ND4 sequences of iguanas. The sequences amplified by the authors of this study and the corresponding haplotypes from published studies were labelled from "Hap_1" to "Hap_10" (details in Table 4). Other sequences from published studies were labelled by their NCBI GenBank access number. Black circles are median vectors representing extinct or unsampled haplotypes. The remaining colored circles represent haplotypes as nodes in the networks. The circles are colored based on the sampling sites. The size of circles corresponds to the number of specimens with identical sequence. The number of mutational steps is indicated by hatch marks. The names of the taxa are classified according to the conclusions of this work.
Figure 5 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 5 Holotype of Iguana melanoderma sp. nov. A Dorsal view B lateral view C dorsal view of the head D lateral view of the head. MCZ R-75832 from Saba, Windwardside. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 1. Black patch between the tympanum and the subtympanic plate. 2. High number of aligned nape tubercles. 3. No horns on the stout. 4. Dorsal carpet pattern. 5. Black on the upper part of the forelimb. 6. Prominent nostrils. 7. Anterior part of the snout, not black. 8. Subtympanic plate with a dark posterior patch. 9. Black anterior edge of lower sublabial scales. 10. Fewer than 10 triangular gular spikes extended in the upper part of the lower dewlap. 11. Entirely black dewlap.
Figure 6 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Morton MN, Corry E, Bech N, Jelić M, Grandjean F (2020) Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles). ZooKeys 926: 95-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.926.48679
Figure 6 Paratype of Iguana melanoderma sp. nov. A Left side view of the head B right side view of the head. MCZ R 126377 from Montserrat, Old Road Bluff. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 1. Black patch between the tympanum and the subtympanic plate. 2. High number of aligned nape tubercles. 3. No horns on the stout. 5. Black spot on the upper forelimb. 6. Prominent nostrils. 7. Anterior part of the snout, not black. 8. Subtympanic plate with a dark posterior patch. 9. Black anterior edge of lower sublabial scales. 10. Fewer than 10 triangular gular spikes extended in the upper part of the lower part of the dewlap. 11. Dewlap entirely black. 12. Lower sublabial scales arranged in pairs of nearly the same size.
Figure 3 in Is Geckobiella stamii (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) a hyperparasite or phoretic on Amblyomma dissimile (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with Iguana iguana from Panama?
Figure 3 Geckobiella stamii, adult (white arrow) and egg covers, attached to ventral surface of Amblyomma dissimile.
Data from: Vascular patterns in iguanas and other squamates: blood vessels and sites of thermal exchange
Squamates use the circulatory system to regulate body and head temperatures during both heating and cooling. The flexibility of this system, which possibly exceeds that of endotherms, offers a number of physiological mechanisms to gain or retain heat (e.g., increase peripheral blood flow and heart rate, cooling the head to prolong basking time for the body) as well as to shed heat (modulate peripheral blood flow, expose sites of thermal exchange). Squamates also have the ability to establish and maintain the same head-to-body temperature differential that birds, crocodilians, and mammals demonstrate, but without a discrete rete or other vascular physiological device. Squamates offer important anatomical and phylogenetic evidence for the inference of the blood vessels of dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs in that they shed light on the basal diapsid condition. Given this basal positioning, squamates likewise inform and constrain the range of physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms that may have been found in Dinosauria. Unfortunately, the literature on squamate vascular anatomy is limited. Cephalic vascular anatomy of green iguanas (Iguana iguana) was investigated using a differential-contrast, dual-vascular injection (DCDVI) technique and high-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT). Blood vessels were digitally segmented to create a surface representation of vascular pathways. Known sites of thermal exchange, consisting of the oral, nasal, and orbital regions, were given special attention due to their role in brain and cephalic thermoregulation. Blood vessels to and from sites of thermal exchange were investigated to detect conserved vascular patterns and to assess their ability to deliver cooled blood to the dural venous sinuses. Arteries within sites of thermal exchange were found to deliver blood directly and through collateral pathways. The venous drainage was found to have multiple pathways that could influence neurosensory tissue temperature, as well as pathways that would bypass neurosensory tissues. The orbital region houses a large venous sinus that receives cooled blood from the nasal region. Blood vessels from the nasal region and orbital sinus show anastomotic connections to the dural sinus system, allowing for the direct modulation of brain temperatures. The generality of the vascular patterns discovered in iguanas were assessed by firsthand comparison with other squamates taxa (e.g., via dissection and osteological study) as well as the literature. Similar to extant archosaurs, iguanas and other squamates have highly vascularized sites of thermal exchange that likely support physiological thermoregulation that "fine tunes" temperatures attained through behavioral thermoregulation.
FIGURE 14 in Pterygosomatid mites of a new species group ligare (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae: Pterygosoma) parasitizing tree iguanas (Squamata: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus)
FIGURE 14. Pterygosoma chilensis sp. nov., female; A, ventral view; B, mid-dorsal seta.
FIGURE 13 in Pterygosomatid mites of a new species group ligare (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae: Pterygosoma) parasitizing tree iguanas (Squamata: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus)
FIGURE 13. Pterygosoma chilensis sp. nov., female; A, dorsal view; B, antero-dorsal seta.
FIGURE 11 in Pterygosomatid mites of a new species group ligare (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae: Pterygosoma) parasitizing tree iguanas (Squamata: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus)
FIGURE 11. Pterygosoma levissima sp. nov., female; A, ventral view; B, peripheral seta.
FIGURE 8 in Pterygosomatid mites of a new species group ligare (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae: Pterygosoma) parasitizing tree iguanas (Squamata: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus)
FIGURE 8. Pterygosoma ovata sp. nov., female; A, ventral view; B, mid-dorsal seta.
FIGURE 4 in Pterygosomatid mites of a new species group ligare (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae: Pterygosoma) parasitizing tree iguanas (Squamata: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus)
FIGURE 4. Pterygosoma formosus sp. nov., female. A, dorsal view; B, antero-dorsal seta.
FIGURE 16 in Pterygosomatid mites of a new species group ligare (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae: Pterygosoma) parasitizing tree iguanas (Squamata: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus)
FIGURE 16. Pterygosoma cyanogasteri sp. nov., female; A, dorsal view; B, antero-dorsal seta.
FIGURE 17 in Pterygosomatid mites of a new species group ligare (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae: Pterygosoma) parasitizing tree iguanas (Squamata: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus)
FIGURE 17. Pterygosoma cyanogasteri sp. nov., female; A, ventral view.
Figure 7 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Daltry JC, Gaymes G, Gaymes J, Lepais O, Bech N, Jelić M, Becking T, Grandjean F (2022) Iguana insularis (Iguanidae) from the southern Lesser Antilles: An endemic lineage endangered by hybridization. ZooKeys 1086: 137-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1086.76079
Figure 7 Hierarchical Structure analysis: A delta K method estimating that the uppermost hierarchical structure is composed of two main genetic clusters B corresponding barplot showing each individual as a vertical bar where each color corresponds to the admixture coefficient of the inferred genetic clusters; additional analyses within each of these two genetic clusters C-F showed that the first genetic cluster is composed of three genetic clusters (C, D) and the second one of two genetic clusters (E, F) totalizing an overall number of five genetic clusters across the whole dataset G genetic distance tree between genetic clusters based on the allele frequencies divergence among clusters H.
Figure 6 from: Breuil M, Schikorski D, Vuillaume B, Krauss U, Daltry JC, Gaymes G, Gaymes J, Lepais O, Bech N, Jelić M, Becking T, Grandjean F (2022) Iguana insularis (Iguanidae) from the southern Lesser Antilles: An endemic lineage endangered by hybridization. ZooKeys 1086: 137-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1086.76079
Figure 6 Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC). A variation of the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) as a function of the assumed number of genetic clusters (K) B scatterplot representing individual (dots) and clusters (inertia ellipse) location in the principal component space C correspondence between species determination (in line) and genetic cluster (in column). The taxa names refer to species level for all them except for insularis and sanctaluciae which are the two subspecies of Iguana insularis. Hybrid refers to the population of St. Vincent.
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