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103 results for “insect pollinators”
Data from: Leaf herbivory imposes fitness costs mediated by hummingbird and insect pollinators
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Plant species with the trait of continuous flowering do not hold core roles in a Neotropical lowland plant-pollinating insect network
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Data from: Reproduction in flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum, Ericaceae): a rare case of insect wing pollination
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Data from: Non-native insects dominate daytime pollination in a high-elevation Hawaiian dryland ecosystem
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Survey of the insect pollinator community at 15 sites in the French Broad River watershed, collected in 2011
We asked how pollinator abundance and community composition varied with distance from logging roads and elevation in old (logged > 90 years ago) and young (logged 20-40 years ago) southern Appalachian forests (USA). At 15 previously logged sites along an elevation gradient, insect pollinators were sampled at 5 distances from logging roads during summer 2010 and spring 2011 using pan traps.
Water stress and insect herbivory interactively reduce crop yield while the insect pollination benefit is conserved
<p>Climate change is predicted to hamper crop production due to precipitation deficits and warmer temperatures inducing both water stress and increasing herbivory due to more abundant insect pests. Consequently, crop yields will be impacted simultaneously by abiotic and biotic stressors. Extensive yield losses due to such climate change stressors might, however, be mitigated by ecosystem services such as insect pollination. We examined the single and combined effects of water stress, insect herbivory and insect pollination on faba bean yield components and above- and belowground plant biomass under realistic field conditions. We used rainout shelters to simulate a scenario in line with climate change projections, with adequate water supply at sowing followed by a long period without precipitation. This induced a gradually increasing water stress, culminating around crop flowering and yield formation. We found that gradually increasing water stress combined with insect herbivory by aphids interactively shaped yield in faba beans. Individually, aphid herbivory reduced yield by 79 % and water stress reduced yield by 52 %. However, the combined effect of water stress and aphid herbivory reduced yield less (84 %) than the sum of the individual stressor effects. In contrast, insect pollination increased yield by 68 % independently of water availability and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that yield losses can be greatly reduced when both water stress and insect herbivory are reduced simultaneously. In contrast, reducing only one stressor has negligible benefits on yield as long as the crop is suffering from the other stressor. We call for further exploration of interactions among ecosystem services and biotic and abiotic stressors that simulate realistic conditions under climate change.</p>
Data from: Floral trait evolution associated with shifts between insect and wind pollination in the dioecious genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae)
Transitions between animal and wind pollination have occurred in many lineages and have been linked to various floral modifications, but these have seldom been assessed in a phylogenetic framework. In the dioecious genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae), transitions from insect to wind pollination have occurred at least four times. Using analyses that controlled for relatedness among Leucadendron species, we investigated how these transitions shaped the evolution of floral structural and signaling traits, including the degree of sexual dimorphism in these traits. Pollen grains of wind-pollinated species were found to be smaller, more numerous, and dispersed more efficiently in wind than were those of insect-pollinated species. Wind-pollinated species also exhibited a reduction in spectral contrast between showy subtending leaves and background foliage, reduced volatile emissions, and a greater degree of sexual dimorphism in color and scent. Uniovulate flowers and inflorescence condensation are conserved ancestral features in Leucadendron and likely served as exaptations in shifts to wind pollination. These results offer insights into the key modifications of male and female floral traits involved in transitions between insect and wind pollination.
Data from: Colony and individual life-history responses to temperature in a social insect pollinator
1. Pollinating insects are of major ecological and commercial importance, yet they may be facing ecological disruption from a changing climate. Despite this threat, few studies have investigated the life-history responses of pollinators to experimentally controlled changes in temperature, which should be especially informative for species with complex life histories such as eusocial insects. 2. This study uses the key pollinator Bombus terrestris, a eusocial bumblebee with an annual colony cycle, to determine how temperature affects life-history traits at both individual and colony levels. 3. In two laboratory experiments, we reared B. terrestris colonies at either 20 or 25 °C, and measured differences in a set of life-history traits including colony longevity, queen longevity, worker longevity, production of workers, production of sexuals (queen and male production) and growth schedule, as well as effects on thermoregulatory behaviours. 4. Higher rearing temperature had a significant positive effect on colony longevity in one of the two experiments but no significant effects on queen or worker longevity. Higher rearing temperature significantly increased colony size but did not affect the timing of peak colony size. It was also associated with significantly higher queen production but had no effect on the production of workers or males or the timing of male production. Higher temperature colonies exhibited significantly more wing fanning by workers and significantly less wax canopy construction. Hence, an increase in rearing temperature of a few degrees increased colony longevity, colony size and queen production. However, individual longevity was not affected and so may have been buffered by changes in costly thermoregulatory behaviours. 5. We conclude that eusocial insects may show complex phenotypic responses to projected temperature increases under climate change, including effects on productivity and reproduction at the colony level. Such effects should be considered when predicting the impact of climate change on the provision of essential pollination services.
Data from: Patterns of pollen flow in a dense population of the insect-pollinated canopy tree species Castanopsis sieboldii
Insect pollinations of tree species with high-density populations have rarely been studied. Since the density of adults can affect effective pollen dispersal, short-distance pollination, even by insects, may frequently occur in high-density populations. To test this prediction, we investigated pollination patterns in a high-density population of the insect-pollinated canopy tree species Castanopsis sieboldii by paternity analysis using genotypes at 8 microsatellite loci of 145 adult trees and 439 seeds from 11 seed parents in a 4-ha plot. We then explored their genetic effects on the population by calculating other population genetics parameters. Although C. sieboldii has high potential for long-distance dispersal of pollen (as indicated by a fat-tailed dispersal kernel), the cumulative pollination at the local scale was spatially limited and strongly dependent on the distance between parents due to the high density of adults. Genetic diversity estimates for pollen pools accepted by each seed parent converged on a maximum as the effective number of pollen parents increased. The genetic diversity of pollen pool bulked over all the seed parents from inside the plot did not differ from that of the total pollen pools. Therefore, although pollen flow from distant pollen parents may help to maintain the genetic diversity of offspring, pollen parents neighboring seed parents may be the main contributors to the genetic diversity of the offspring at the seed stage.
Data from: Enhancing gardens as habitats for flower-visiting aerial insects (pollinators): should we plant native or exotic species?
1. Domestic gardens typically consist of a mixture of native and non-native plants which support biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services, particularly in urban environments. Many gardeners wish to encourage biodiversity by choosing appropriate plant taxa. The value of native and non-native plants in supporting animal biodiversity is, however, largely unknown. 2. The relative value of native and non-native garden plants to invertebrates was investigated in a replicated field experiment. Plots (deliberately akin to garden borders) were planted with one of three treatments, representing assemblages of plants based on origin (native, near-native and exotic). Invertebrates and resource measurements were recorded over four years. This paper reports the abundance of flower-visiting aerial insects ('pollinators') associated with the three plant assemblages. 3. For all pollinator groups on all treatments, greater floral resource resulted in an increase in visits. There was, however, a greater abundance of total pollinators recorded on native and near-native treatments compared with the exotic plots. Short-tongued bumblebees followed the same pattern whilst more hoverflies were recorded on the native treatment than the other treatments, and more honeybees on the near-native treatment. There was no difference between treatments in abundance of long-tongued bumblebees or solitary bees. The lack of difference in solitary bee abundance between treatments was probably due to a third of individuals from this group being recorded on one exotic plant species. 5. The number of flower visitors corresponded to the peak flowering period of the treatments, that is there were fewer flower visitors to the exotic treatment compared with the other treatments in early summer but relatively more later in the season. 5. Synthesis and applications. This experiment has demonstrated that utilizing plants from only a single region of origin (i.e. nativeness) may not be an optimal strategy for resource provision for pollinating insects in gardens. Gardens can be enhanced as a habitat by planting a variety of flowering plants, biased towards native and near-native species but with a selection of exotics to extend the flowering season and potentially provide resources for specialist groups.
Figure 1. A in Pollination and breeding system in two sympatric Fuchsia (Onagraceae) species at the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Brazil): Hummingbirds, insects and facultative self-pollination
Figure 1. A. Flowers of Fuchsia regia in female (left) and male phases (right). B. Flowers of F. campos-portoi. C. Possible hybrid (F. regia x F. campos-portoi) photographed in 2009, near the IBAMA base ao the Itatiaia National Park.
Pesticide impacts on insect pollinators: current knowledge and future research challenges. ARIMA analysis
<p>FAOSTAT sourced Data on crop production, area and productivity</p>
Do annual and perennial populations of an insect-pollinated plant species differ in mating system?
<p><strong>Background and Aims</strong> Theory predicts that outcrossing should be more prevalent among perennials than annuals, a pattern confirmed by comparative evidence from diverse angiosperm families. However, intraspecific comparisons between annual and perennial populations are few because such variation is uncommon among flowering plants. Here, we test the hypothesis that perennial populations outcross more than annual populations by investigating Incarvillea sinensis, a wide-ranging insect-pollinated herb native to China. The occurrence of both allopatric and sympatric populations allows us to examine the stability of mating system differences between life histories under varying ecological conditions.</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong>We estimated outcrossing rates and biparental inbreeding in 16 allopatric and five sympatric popula- tions in which both life histories coexisted using 20 microsatellite loci. In each population we measured height, branch number, corolla size, tube length and herkogamy for ~30 individuals. In a sympatric population, we re- corded daily flower number, pollinator visitation and the fruit and seed set of annual and perennial plants.</p> <p><strong>Key Results </strong>As predicted, outcrossing rates (t) were considerably higher in perennial (mean = 0.76) than annual (mean = 0.09) populations. This difference in mating system was also maintained at sympatric sites where plants grew intermixed. In both allopatric and sympatric populations the degree of herkogamy was consistently larger in outcrossing than selfing plants. Perennials were more branched, with more and larger flowers than in annuals. In a sympatric population, annuals had a significantly higher fruit and seed set than perennials.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions </strong> Genetically based differences in herkogamy between annuals and perennials appear to play a key role in governing outcrossing rates in populations, regardless of variation in local ecological conditions. The maintenance of mating system and life history trait differentiation between perennial and annual populations of I. sinensis probably results from correlated evolution in response to local environmental conditions.</p>
Developing floral-baited traps to survey pollinators in insect-pollinated crops: findings from an oil palm case study
<p>In this study, we used oil palm as a case study system to trial a new trap design to selectively survey pollinators of insect pollinated crops. The trap consisted of a pan trap baited with half a male oil palm inflorescence at anthesis, with varying number of flowers open. To assess effectiveness of the trap across different environments, we set pairs of baited and non-baited control pan traps in habitat conditions ranging from young to mature palms, and continuous blocks of oil palm to strips of oil palm around rivers in industrial oil palm plantations in Riau, Indonesia. We identified all arthropods collected to order level or lower. </p>
Do annual and perennial populations of an insect-pollinated plant species differ in mating system?
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Data from: Colony and individual life-history responses to temperature in a social insect pollinator
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Data from: Enhancing gardens as habitats for flower-visiting aerial insects (pollinators): should we plant native or exotic species?
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Water stress and insect herbivory interactively reduce crop yield while the insect pollination benefit is conserved
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Data from: Floral trait evolution associated with shifts between insect and wind pollination in the dioecious genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae)
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Data from: Patterns of pollen flow in a dense population of the insect-pollinated canopy tree species Castanopsis sieboldii
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Allen Brain Atlas
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