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FIGURE 8 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 8. Close-ups of maxillary palp of one nymph of BSPG 1967 XX. 1, Palp of red-coloured nymph in Figure 4 documented with stereo imaging. Images presented as red-cyan stereo-anaglyphs; please use red-cyan glasses to view, red left, cyan right. 2-4, Close-ups of volume rendering of maxillary palp and part of antenna of red-coloured nymph in Figure 4; documented at three different grey values. 5, Combined version of 2-4, arrows point to setae. Abbreviations are the same as in Figures 2 and 4.
FIGURE 7 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 7. Comparison of mouthparts of one nymph of BSPG 1967 XX and first instar of Periplaneta americana. 1-3, Surface reconstruction of the mouthparts of one nymph in amber; based on micro-CT data. Same individual as in Figure 2, about lateral (1 and 3) and frontal (2) views. 4-5, Head with mouthparts of first instar nymph of P. americana; frontal view of the head (4) and colour-marked close-up image of the mouthparts (5), composite autofluorescence image. Abbreviations: hp, hypopharynx; lb, labium; lp, labial palp; mx, maxilla. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figures 2 and 4.
FIGURE 5 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 5. Volume renderings of one nymph of BSPG 1967 XX (red-coloured specimen in Figure 4) in about lateral (1-2), ventral (3-4), and dorsal (5) views generated with Drishti 2.4 based on micro-CT data. Abbreviations: cl, clypeus; co I, coxa of prothoracic leg; fe I, femur of prothoracic leg; lr, labrum; md, mandible; pt I, praetarsus of prothoracic leg (tibial claw); ta I, tarsus of prothoracic leg; ti I, tibia of prothoracic leg; a1–a7, abdominal segments 1–7. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figure 2.
FIGURE 6 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 6. Nymphs of the extant species Periplaneta americana (1-3) and Blaberus craniifer (4-5). 1-3, Hatchling of P. americana in dorsal (1), lateral (2), and ventral (3) views documented with compound microscope. 4-5, Early instar nymph of Blaberus craniifer in ventral (4) and dorsal (5) views documented with composite autofluorescence microscopy. Abbreviations: co III, coxa of metathoracic leg; fe III, femur of metathoracic leg; ta III, tarsus of metathoracic leg; ti III, tibia of metathoracic leg. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figure 2 and 4.
FIGURE 3 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 3. Overview of BSPG 1967 XX, documented with stereo imaging from all available sides of the specimen (1- 3). Images presented as red-cyan stereo-anaglyphs; please use red-cyan glasses to view.
FIGURE 1 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 1. Overview of BSPG 1967 XX, part of the Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich. Germany; documented with composite imaging. Single piece of Baltic amber with inclusion of 13 cockroach nymphs.
FIGURE 2 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 2. Close-ups of nymphs in amber (BSPG 1967 XX). 1, Overview of a single nymph (red-coloured specimen in Figure 4). 2, Head with antennae and maxillary palp equipped with setae of specimen in 1, compound eyes not observable. 3, Cerci equipped with setae (blue-coloured specimen in Figure 4). 4, Close-up of antenna equipped with setae (yellow-coloured specimen in Figure 4), arrows point to setae. Abbreviations: a4–a6, abdominal segments 4–6; an, antenna; ce, cercus; hc, head capsule; mp, maxillary palp; ms, mesonotum; mt, metanotum; pn, pronotum; pl, coxa of prothoracic leg; ta, terminal article of the antenna.
FIGURE 4 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 4. Overview images of BSPG 1967 XX. 1-3, Colour-marked versions of Figure 3 (different individuals marked in different colours, same individuals marked in same colour in different viewing angles). 4-5, Volume renderings based on micro-CT data (Amira) (different viewing angles in 4 and 5). 6, Tomographic section from micro-CT image stack (red-coloured specimen in 1 and 2), inner structures are not preserved.
FIGURE 10 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 10. Blattodean nymphs in Baltic amber. 1-4, Specimen PE 61065, dorsal view (1), distinct pigmentation of cuticula visible; ventral view (2); and stereo-images of PE 61065 (3-4). Images presented as red-cyan stereo-anaglyphs; please use red-cyan glasses to view. 5-6, Specimen ZMUC 901795, close-up image of the head (5) and closeup image of the head lateral view (6). Abbreviation: ml, femur of metathoracic leg. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figures 2 and 4.
Investment Pitch and Quantifying Your Funding Needs_Video 3
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Investment Pitch and Quantifying Your Funding Needs_Video 2
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Investment Pitch and Quantifying Your Funding Needs_Video 1
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Energetic return on investment determines overall soil microbial activity.
<p><strong>Data</strong> and <strong>R codes</strong> used for the manuscript entitled " <strong>Energetic return on investment determines overall soil microbial activity."</strong></p>
Individual optimization of reproductive investment and the cost of incubation in a wild songbird
<p>Despite keen interest in life-history trade-offs and the costs of reproduction, evidence that increased parental allocation reduces subsequent breeding productivity is mixed. Some of this uncertainty is attributable to environmental heterogeneity in space and time, necessitating multi-year field experiments. Across three breeding seasons, we cross-fostered clutches between nests to manipulate females' incubation duration in a wild population of Carolina wrens, a small songbird species in which only females incubate, to test for the cost of incubation on current and future reproduction. Prolonged incubation affected maternal productivity within seasons, impacting their current offspring post-hatching and their probability of breeding subsequently, both in a manner that depended upon the current environment and level of maternal investment (initial egg and brood size), suggesting incubation effort is optimized according to other components of investment and individual quality. Effects of incubation duration on subsequent fledging success and nestling condition varied between years, being costly in one year, beneficial in another, and neutral in the third. Thus, our results suggest that the costs of increased incubation effort were almost entirely dependent upon the maternal quality and environmental variation, thus demonstrating the importance of multi-year experiments for robust inference of the costs of reproduction and evolution of life histories.</p>
Experimental reduction of haemosporidian infection affects maternal reproductive investment, parental behaviour, and offspring condition
<p>When hosts have a long coevolutionary history with their parasites, fitness costs of chronic infection have often been assumed to be negligible. Yet, experimental manipulation of infections sometimes reveals effects of parasites on their hosts, particularly during reproduction. Whether these effects translate into fitness costs remains unclear. Here, we present the results of an experimental study conducted in a free-ranging population of red-winged blackbirds (<em>Agelaius</em> <em>phoeniceus</em>) naturally experiencing a high prevalence of haemosporidian infections, with > 95% of breeding adults infected with parasites from one or more haemosporidian genus. To assess effects of infection during reproduction, we manipulated adult red-winged blackbird females' parasite burden by administering an anti-haemosporidian medication before onset of egg-laying. Experimental reduction of infection resulted in significant benefits to mothers and their offspring. Medicated females laid heavier clutches, invested more in incubation and provisioning behaviour, and produced more fledglings than control females. Nestlings of medicated females had higher haematocrit, higher blood glucose, and lower reactive oxygen metabolites than nestlings of control females. Overall, our results provide evidence that, even in a species with a long history of high prevalence of infection, parasites can lead to decreased maternal investment and offspring quality, substantially reducing fitness.</p>
Age, but not an immune challenge, triggers terminal investment in the Pacific field cricket
<p>The terminal investment hypothesis proposes that, when individuals are faced with a threat to survival, they will increase investment in current reproduction. The level of the threat necessary to elicit terminal investment (the dynamic terminal investment threshold) may vary based on other factors that also influence future reproduction. Here, we tested whether there is an interactive effect of age and an immune challenge on the dynamic terminal investment threshold in the Pacific field cricket, <em>Teleogryllus</em> <em>oceanicus</em>. We measured the courtship call, mating attractiveness, ejaculate size and offspring production of <em>T. oceanicus</em> males. We found only limited support for the dynamic terminal investment threshold: there was no consistent evidence of a positive interaction between male age and immune challenge intensity. However, we found evidence for age-related terminal investment: older males produced a larger spermatophore than younger males. Older males also had a slower calling rate compared to younger males, suggesting a potential trade-off between these two pre- and post-copulatory traits. As some, but not, all reproductive traits responded plastically to cues for terminal investment, our research highlights the importance of considering a broad range of pre-and post-copulatory traits when exploring the potential for terminal investment to occur.</p>
Climate and non-native herbivores influence reproductive investment by Greater Sage-grouse
<p>Highly seasonal environments can increase competition among herbivores for nutrients, leading to consequences affecting rates of reproduction and survival. There is concern about the impacts of non-native ungulates on Greater Sage-grouse in the Great Basin of North America. We estimated nesting propensity, the annual proportion of females attempting a nest, for Greater Sage-grouse in relation to the abundance of ungulates using 7 years of data from the northwestern Great Basin, USA. We focused on nesting because it is the necessary first major investment required for the production of new recruits. We used a Bayesian multi-stratum model to investigate the effects of weather and sympatric non-native herbivores, free-roaming horses and domestic cattle, on reproductive rates and female survival of adult and yearling sage-grouse. Adults nested at a higher rate (0.931, 95% CI, 0.904 – 0.953) than yearlings (0.867, 95% CI, 0.802 – 0.922) under average conditions of all other covariates. If the first nest failed, renesting rates were similar between adults (0.349, 95% CI, 0.292 – 0.410) and yearlings (0.353, 95% CI, 0.217 – 0.507). Females in better body condition at the start of the season nested at higher rates, and moderately snowy winters led to the highest nesting propensity during the following spring. Drier conditions led to low rates of nesting, particularly in areas with dense cattle grazing. Female survival was lower for nesting females, indicating a survival cost of reproduction. Areas with abundant free-roaming horses had slightly higher nesting propensity, though other research suggests negative impacts later in the breeding cycle. Sage-grouse face life-history trade-offs that may be shifting due to changing climatic conditions. Our work suggests that the effects of competition with non-native ungulates on sage-grouse life-histories may be exacerbated by adverse weather.</p>
Data from: Repeated evolution of reduced visual investment at the onset of ecological speciation in high-altitude <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies
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Experimental reduction of haemosporidian infection affects maternal reproductive investment, parental behaviour, and offspring condition
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Age, but not an immune challenge, triggers terminal investment in the Pacific field cricket
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Allen Brain Atlas
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