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2,291 results for “life history”
Opposing life history strategies allow grass shrimp parasites to avoid a conflict of interest
<p>A conflict of interest occurs when parasites manipulate the behavior of their host in contradictory ways to achieve different goals. In grass shrimp (<em>Palaemonetes pugio</em>), trematode parasites that use shrimp as an intermediate host cause the shrimp to be more active than usual around predators, whereas bopyrid isopod parasites that use shrimp as a final host elicit the opposite response. Since these parasites are altering the host's behavior in opposing directions, a conflict of interest would occur in co-infected shrimp. Natural selection should favor attempts to resolve this conflict through avoidance, killing, or sabotage. In a field survey of shrimp populations in four tidal creeks in the Cape Fear River, we found a significant negative association between the two parasites. Parasite abundance was negatively correlated in differently sized hosts, suggesting avoidance as a mechanism. Subsequent mortality experiments showed no evidence of early death of co-infected hosts. In behavior trials, co-infected shrimp did not show significantly different behavior from singly infected or uninfected shrimp, suggesting that neither parasite sabotages the manipulation of the other. Taken together, our results suggest that rather than sabotaging or killing one another, bopyrid and trematode parasites tend to infect differently sized hosts, thus avoiding a conflict and confirming the importance of testing assumptions in natural contexts.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 5 | Estimated standard length where 50% (L50) and 100% (L100) of the population reached sexual maturity for males (A) and females (B) of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in streams of the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 3 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 3 | Gonadosomatic Index Variation (GSI) of males (A) and females (B) and gonadal maturation stage of males (C) and females (D) of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil. The dashed line represents the accumulated monthly rainfall.
FIGURE 6 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 6 | Variation in the oocyte diameter of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in streams of the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil (A). The dashed black line indicates the minimum diameter of the vitellogenic oocytes. Mature ovary with oocytes in different stages of maturation (B). Photomicrograph of mature (C) and spawned (D) ovary with oocytes in different stages of maturation: I, stage I oocyte; II, stage II oocyte; III, stage III oocyte; IV, stage IV oocyte; AO, atretic oocyte; POF, post ovulatory follicle.
FIGURE 2 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 2 | Sex ratio of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil. Asterisk represents significant differences in sex ratio and the dashed line represents the accumulated monthly rainfall.
FIGURE 4 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 4 |Variation of Condition Factor (K) for males (A) and females (B) ofHyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil. The dashed line represents the accumulated monthly rainfall.
FIGURE 1 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 1 | Location of the streams (black circles) in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil, where the specimens of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus were sampled between March 2019 and January 2020.
Data from: Asynchronous life histories generate uneven arms races and impact the maintenance of mutualisms
<p>Mutualisms constitute a diverse class of ecologically important interactions, yet their ecological and evolutionary stability remain topics of debate in coevolutionary theory. Recent theoretical and empirical work has suggested that coevolutionary arms races may be involved in the maintenance of mutualistic interactions, sustaining mutually beneficial outcomes for interacting species while producing exaggerated traits. Here we present an individual-based model that evaluates how asynchronous life histories – i.e., partners with different average lifespans – change the dynamics of trait coevolution, the expected fitness outcomes for species involved, and the dynamics of selection differentials across time for each species. Results indicate that a longer-lived mutualist will consistently 'lose' an otherwise balanced coevolutionary arms race, being outpaced in both the mean trait value and fitness outcome compared to a shorter-lived partner. Furthermore, linear selection differentials on mutualistic traits become increasingly divergent as life histories become increasingly asynchronous, with the longer-lived species experiencing persistent directional selection and the shorter-lived species experiencing weaker, more inconsistent selection. These results suggest that asynchronous life histories can complicate the maintenance of mutualistic interactions via coevolutionary arms-races and that detecting coevolution via selection differentials may be difficult when life histories are sufficiently divergent.</p>
Fig. 2. Pamphilius benesi. —— A in Immature Stages and Life History of a Hazel Leaf-rolling Sawfly, Pamphilius benesi (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae)
Fig. 2. Pamphilius benesi. —— A, Eggs, remains of eggshell and newly hatched larva beginning to make leafroll, Group B, June 5; B, C, early instar larva, June 7; D, E, middle instar larva, June 14; F, late instar larva, June 23; G, H, J, late instar larva, June 21; I, late instar larva, June 28. All photographed by Kato.
Fig. 1. Pamphilius benesi. —— A in Immature Stages and Life History of a Hazel Leaf-rolling Sawfly, Pamphilius benesi (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae)
Fig. 1. Pamphilius benesi. —— A, Ovipositing female on leaf of Corylus sieboldiana, Group Ab, May 29; B, three eggs, Group Aa, May 29; C, remains of six eggshells, Group Aa and Ab, and leaf-roll made by young larvae, June 6; D, larvae inside the same leaf-roll, June 6; E, ovipositing female on leaf of C. sieboldiana, Group B, May 29; F, leaf with five eggs, Group B, May 29; G, eggs of Group B, possible marks of sticky substance arrowed, May 29. All photographed by Kato.
Fig. 2 in Larva and Life History of Togashia horii (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) Feeding on Cornus controversa (Cornaceae) in Honshu, Japan
Fig. 2. Togashia horii, female adult (A), host leaf with eggs deposited inside (B–E) host leaf with larval exit holes (F) and early instar larvae (G–I). A, June 12; B, upper surface, arrows showing rows of eggs inside, June 14; C, same leaf, underside, June 14; D, same leaf, upper surface, showing inflated eggs inside, June 18; E, same leaf, underside, June 18; F–H, June 26; I, June 28. All photographed indoors in Nagano by Kojima in 2023.
Fig. 1 in Larva and Life History of Togashia horii (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) Feeding on Cornus controversa (Cornaceae) in Honshu, Japan
Fig. 1. Togashia horii, late instar larvae (A–C), damage of host leaves (D), eaten leaf with larval exuviae (E) and mature larvae entering dead branch (F). A, B, D, E, Tsugaike, September 14, 2014; C, Sasagamine, August 31, 2022; F, Nagano, September 9, 2022. Photographed by Shinohara (A, B, D, E) and Kojima (C, F).
Fig. 1 in Life-History Characteristics Of The Ground Beetle Carabus Scheidleri (Coleoptera: Carabidae) In Hungary
Fig. 1. Seasonal activity of C. scheidleri individuals at Nagykovácsi, Central Hungary in 2001 and in 2002. The arrows [narrow arrows in 2002] denote the main activity period (left and right arrows) and activity peak (middle arrow). (Different letters indicate significant (p<0.05) differences within the given years by post-hoc Fisher LSD test.) Repeated measures ANOVA between the years: [F (1; 63)
Figs 4 A and B in Trichodina diaptomi (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) from Two Calanoid Copepods from Botswana and South Africa, with Notes on its Life History
Figs 4 A and B. Diagrammatic drawings of the denticles of two different specimens of Trichodina diaptomi Šrámek-Hušek, 1953 from the carapace of Metadiaptomus transvaalensis from the Nata River, Botswana to illustrate variation in denticle shape.
Figs 3 A–E in Trichodina diaptomi (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) from Two Calanoid Copepods from Botswana and South Africa, with Notes on its Life History
Figs 3 A–E. Micrographs of Metadiaptomus transvaalensis with Trichodina diaptomi Šrámek-Hušek, 1953 on the carapace collected from the Nata River, Botswana in August 2012. Whole specimen of M. transvaalenis with several trichodinids visible on dorsal surface of body (A), M. transvaalensis with several trichodinids visible on dorsal surface opposite locomotory appendages of copepod (C) and close-up views of dorsal carapace of M. transvaalensis with trichodinids clearly visible on surface of copepod (B, D, E) with two detached trichodinids visible in D.
Figs 2 A–F in Trichodina diaptomi (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) from Two Calanoid Copepods from Botswana and South Africa, with Notes on its Life History
Figs 2 A–F. Micrographs of silver impregnated adhesive discs (A, B, E and F) and haematoxylin stained specimens (C and D), showing the nuclear apparatus (C) and adoral spiral (D) of Trichodina diaptomi Šrámek-Hušek, 1953 from the Nata River (A–D) and Rustfontein Dam (E and F).
Figure 1 in Accounting for variability in life-history traits for the definition of amphidromous goby fry fisheries closure periods
Figure 1. – Ranking of the 4096 alternatives of fisheries closure periods based on the MULTIMOORA analysis on the abundance and life-history traits of Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Cotylopus acutipinnis. The best alternative is ranked 1 and the worst 4096. Fisheries closure periods are colour coded.
Figure 2 in Life history traits and exploitation of Hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota - Cyprinidae) in a subtropical reservoir (Lao PDR)
Figure 2. – Transverse section of an otolith (asteriscus) from a 2+-year- old Hampala macrolepidota from the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir. The section was acid etched, stained with toluidine blue and viewed using reflected light: 2 strained translucent zones (white trian- gle) were counted along the sulcus axis. Core (C), translucent stainable zone (TZ), opaque zone (OZ), ventral face (V), dorsal face (D), external face (E) and internal face (I).
Figure 5 in Life history traits and exploitation of Hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota - Cyprinidae) in a subtropical reservoir (Lao PDR)
Figure 5. – Von Bertalanffy growth function adjusted to the age (month)-standard length of Hampala macrolepidota from the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir in Lao PDR between November 2015 and January 2017; at left, all polled and at right, by sex, grey dotted lines show the 95% confident interval.
Figure 1 in Life history traits and exploitation of Hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota - Cyprinidae) in a subtropical reservoir (Lao PDR)
Figure 1. – Map of the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir in Lao PDR at its highest level (surface = 489 km²) and localization of sampling sites by experimental fishing gillnets (black dotes) and of villages (black stars) by landing/fishing effort monitoring. Source: Google Earth.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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