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125 results for “male dimorphism”
Data from: Preference for conspecifics evolves earlier in males than females in a sexually dimorphic radiation of fishes
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Data from: Sexual selection on male size drives the evolution of male-biased sexual size dimorphism via the prolongation of male development
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) arises when the net effects of natural and sexual selection on body size differ between the sexes. Quantitative SSD variation between taxa is common, but directional intraspecific SSD reversals are rare. We combined micro- and macroevolutionary approaches to study geographic SSD variation in closely related black scavenger flies. Common garden experiments revealed stark intra and interspecific variation: Sepsis biflexuosa is monomorphic across the Holarctic, while S. cynipsea (only in Europe) consistently exhibits female-biased SSD. Interestingly, S. neocynipsea displays contrasting SSD in Europe (females larger) and North America (males larger), a pattern opposite to the geographic reversal in SSD of S. punctum documented in a previous study. In accordance with the differential equilibrium model for the evolution of SSD, the intensity of sexual selection on male size varied between continents (weaker in Europe) whereas fecundity selection on female body size did not. Subsequent comparative analyses of 49 taxa documented at least six independent origins of male-biased SSD in Sepsidae, which is likely caused by sexual selection on male size and mediated by bimaturism. Therefore, reversals in SSD and the associated changes in larval development might be much more common and rapid and less constrained than currently assumed.
Data from: Selection for costly sexual traits results in a vacant mating niche and male dimorphism
The expected strong directional selection for traits that increase a male's mating ability conflicts with the frequent observation that within species, males may show extreme variation in sexual traits. These male reproductive polymorphisms are usually attributed to direct male-male competition. It is currently unclear, however, how directional selection for sexually selected traits may convert into disruptive selection, and if female preference for elaborate traits may be an alternative mechanism driving the evolution of male polymorphism. Here we explore this mechanism using the polyandric dwarf spider Oedothorax gibbosus as a model. We first show that males characterized by conspicuous cephalic structures serving as a nuptial feeding device ('gibbosus males') significantly outperform other males in siring offspring of previously fertilized females. However, significant costs in terms of development time of gibbosus males open a mating niche for an alternative male type lacking expensive secondary sexual traits. These 'tuberosus males' obtain virtually all fertilizations early in the breeding season. Individual-based simulations demonstrate a hitherto unknown general principle, by which males selected for high investment to attract females suffer constrained mating opportunities. This creates a vacant mating niche of unmated females for non-investing males and, consequently, disruptive selection on male secondary sexual traits.
Data from: Correlated evolution of sexual dimorphism and male dimorphism in a clade of neotropical harvestmen
Secondary sexual traits increase male fitness, but may be maladaptive in females, generating intralocus sexual conflict that is ameliorated through sexual dimorphism. Sexual selection on males may also lead some males to avoid expenditure on secondary sexual traits and achieve copulations using alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Secondary sexual traits can increase or decrease fitness in males, depending on which ART they employ, generating intralocus tactical conflict that can be ameliorated through male dimorphism. Due to the evolutionary forces acting against intralocus sexual and tactical conflicts, male dimorphism could coevolve with sexual dimorphism, a hypothesis that we tested by investigating these dimorphisms across 48 harvestman species. Using three independently derived phylogenies we consistently found that the evolution of sexual dimorphism was correlated with that of male dimorphism, and suggest that the major force behind this relationship is the similarity between selection against intralocus sexual conflict and selection against intralocus tactical conflict. We also found that transitions in male dimorphism were more likely in the presence of sexual dimorphism, indicating that if a sexually selected trait arises on an autosome and is expressed in both sexes, its suppression in females probably evolves earlier than its suppression in small males that adopt ARTs.
Data from: It takes two: seasonal variation in sexually dimorphic weaponry results from divergent changes in males and females
Sexually dimorphic weaponry often results from intrasexual selection, and weapon size can vary seasonally when costs of bearing the weapon exceed the benefits outside of the reproductive season. Weapons can also be favored in competition over nonreproductive resources such as food or shelter, and if such nonreproductive competition occurs year‐round, weapons may be less likely to vary seasonally. In snapping shrimp (Alpheus angulosus), both sexes have an enlarged snapping claw (a potentially deadly weapon), and males of many species have larger claws than females, although females are more aggressive. This contrasting sexual dimorphism (larger weaponry in males, higher aggression in females) raises the question of whether weaponry and aggression are favored by the same mechanisms in males and females. We used field data to determine whether either sex shows seasonal variation in claw size such as described above. We found sexual dimorphism increased during the reproductive season due to opposing changes in both male and female claw size. Males had larger claws during the reproductive season than during the nonreproductive season, a pattern consistent with sexual selection. Females, however, had larger claws during the nonreproductive season than during the reproductive season—a previously unknown pattern of variation in weapon size. The observed changes in female weapon size suggest a trade‐off between claw growth and reproduction in the reproductive season, with investment in claw growth primarily in the nonreproductive season. Sexually dimorphic weaponry in snapping shrimp, then, varies seasonally due to sex differences in seasonal patterns of investment in claw growth, suggesting claws may be advantageous for both sexes but in different contexts. Thus, understanding sexual dimorphisms through the lens of one sex yields an incomplete understanding of the factors favoring their evolution.
Data from: Size-dependent selective mechanisms on males and females and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in frogs
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) varies in animals from male biased to female biased. The evolution of SSD is potentially influenced by a number of factors, such as territoriality, fecundity, and temporal breeding patterns (explosive vs. prolonged). In general, frogs show female-biased SSD with broad variance among species. Using comparative methods, we examine how different selective forces affect male and female sizes, and we test hypotheses about size-dependent mechanisms shaping SSD in frogs. Male size was weakly associated with SSD in all size classes, and we found no significant association among SSD, male size, temporal breeding pattern, and male territoriality. In contrast, female size best explained SSD variation across all size classes but especially for small-bodied species. We found a stronger evolutionary association between female body size and fecundity, and this fecundity advantage was highest in explosively breeding species. Our data indicate that the fecundity advantage associated with female body size may not be linear, such that intermediate and large females benefit less with body size increases. Therefore, size-dependent selection in females associated with fecundity and breeding patterns is an important mechanism driving SSD evolution in frogs. Our study underscores the fact that lineage-specific ecology and behavior should be incorporated in comparative analyses of animal SSD.
Figure 7 from: Luo X-X, Deng W-B, Che Y-L, Wang Z-Q (2023) Two new genera (Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov.) of Blattinae (Blattodea, Blattidae) from Southwest China and the discovery of chirally dimorphic male genitalia in Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov. ZooKeys 1187: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.113403
Figure 7 A–D hind tarsi AVittiblatta punctata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. BV. ferruginea Luo & Wang, sp. nov. CV. undulata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. DPlaniblatta crassispina Luo & Wang, sp. nov. E spermatheca, in order from left to right: V. punctata Luo & Wang, sp. nov., V. ferruginea Luo & Wang, sp. nov., P. crassispina Luo & Wang, sp. nov. Scale bars: 2.0 mm (A–D); 0.5 mm (E).
Figure 4 from: Luo X-X, Deng W-B, Che Y-L, Wang Z-Q (2023) Two new genera (Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov.) of Blattinae (Blattodea, Blattidae) from Southwest China and the discovery of chirally dimorphic male genitalia in Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov. ZooKeys 1187: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.113403
Figure 4 Vittiblatta ferruginea Luo & Wang, sp. nov. A, B, E–M male holotype C, D, N female paratypes A, C habitus, dorsal view B, D habitus, ventral view E head F pronotum G tegmen H hind wing I front femur J hind margin of metanotum and tergal gland K subgenital plate, dorsal view L supra-anal plate, ventral view M male genitalia, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view N female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: 10.0 mm (A–D, G, H); 2.0 mm (E, F, K, L, N); 1.0 mm (I, J, M).
Figure 2 from: Luo X-X, Deng W-B, Che Y-L, Wang Z-Q (2023) Two new genera (Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov.) of Blattinae (Blattodea, Blattidae) from Southwest China and the discovery of chirally dimorphic male genitalia in Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov. ZooKeys 1187: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.113403
Figure 2 Vittiblatta punctata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. A ootheca-carrying female B ootheca C male on rocks D female in the grass. Scale bars: 2.0 mm (B). A, C, D photographed by Xinran Li.
Figure 1 from: Luo X-X, Deng W-B, Che Y-L, Wang Z-Q (2023) Two new genera (Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov.) of Blattinae (Blattodea, Blattidae) from Southwest China and the discovery of chirally dimorphic male genitalia in Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov. ZooKeys 1187: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.113403
Figure 1 Vittiblatta punctata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. A, B, E–M male holotype C, D, N female paratypes A, C habitus, dorsal view B, D habitus, ventral view E head F pronotum G front femur H hind margin of metanotum and tergal gland I tegmen J hind wing K supra-anal plate, ventral view L subgenital plate, dorsal view M male genitalia, dorsal (left) and ventral view (right) N female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: 10.0 mm (A–D, I, J); 2.0 mm (E–H, K, L, N); 1.0 mm (M).
Figure 5 from: Luo X-X, Deng W-B, Che Y-L, Wang Z-Q (2023) Two new genera (Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov.) of Blattinae (Blattodea, Blattidae) from Southwest China and the discovery of chirally dimorphic male genitalia in Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov. ZooKeys 1187: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.113403
Figure 5 Vittiblatta undulata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. A–K male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C head D pronotum E hind margin of metanotum and tergal gland F front femur G tegmen H hind wing I supra-anal plate, ventral view J male genitalia, dorsal (left) and ventral view (right) K subgenital plate, dorsal view. Scale bars: 10.0 mm (A, B, G, H); 2.0 mm (C, D); 1.0 mm (E, F, I–K).
Figure 6 from: Luo X-X, Deng W-B, Che Y-L, Wang Z-Q (2023) Two new genera (Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov.) of Blattinae (Blattodea, Blattidae) from Southwest China and the discovery of chirally dimorphic male genitalia in Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov. ZooKeys 1187: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.113403
Figure 6 Planiblatta crassispina Luo & Wang, sp. nov. A, B, E–K male holotype C, D, O female paratypes A, C habitus, dorsal view B, D habitus, ventral view E head F pronotum G tegmen H hind wing I front femur J front tarsi K hind margin of metanotum and tergal gland L supra-anal plate, ventral view M subgenital plate, dorsal view N male genitalia, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view O female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: 10.0 mm (A–D, G, H); 2.0 mm (E, F, I–L, O); 1.0 mm (M, N).
Figure 3 from: Luo X-X, Deng W-B, Che Y-L, Wang Z-Q (2023) Two new genera (Vittiblatta gen. nov. and Planiblatta gen. nov.) of Blattinae (Blattodea, Blattidae) from Southwest China and the discovery of chirally dimorphic male genitalia in Vittiblatta punctata sp. nov. ZooKeys 1187: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.113403
Figure 3 Chiral dimorphism in male genitalia of Vittiblatta punctata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. A–C male paratypes, the samples from Mt Ailaoshan A mirrored genitalia, dorsal and ventral views B normal genitalia, ventro-caudal view (L3 on the left) C mirrored genitalia, ventro-caudal view (L3 on the right). Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Enigmatic male dimorphism in the Phlaeothripinae (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), with description of a new genus and species
FIGURE 1. Nazonothrips toshifumii gen. et sp. n., variation in males and females.
FIGURES 43–44 in Sexual dimorphism in the genus Acothrura Melichar, 1915 (Hemiptera: Lophopidae) and description of male and female specimens of A. impunctata (Jacobi, 1905)
FIGURES 43–44. Habitat of Acothrura impunctata in nature. 43. Male; 44. Females.
FIGURES 45–46 in Sexual dimorphism in the genus Acothrura Melichar, 1915 (Hemiptera: Lophopidae) and description of male and female specimens of A. impunctata (Jacobi, 1905)
FIGURES 45–46. Habitat of Acothrura impunctata in Qichong natural reserve, Guangxi, China.
Figure 6 from: Baranek B, Kuba K, Bauder JAS, Krenn HW (2018) Mouthpart dimorphism in male and female wasps of Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 65(1): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.23593
Figure 6 Labium (SEM). A. Extended ligula (gl – glossa, pa – paraglossa) in posterior view, acrosomal buttons (ab) at the apex; prm – prementum. B. Apex of glossa (gl), spatula shaped microtrichia (mi) of the dorsal side; pa – paraglossa, sba – sensillum basiconicum. C. Distal edge of the paraglossa with rows of microtrichia (mi) and sensilla basiconica (sba); ab – acrosomal button. D. Third segment of labial palpus (lp), female with thorn-shaped sensillum basiconicum (sba) and sensilla trichodea (str).
Figure 5 from: Baranek B, Kuba K, Bauder JAS, Krenn HW (2018) Mouthpart dimorphism in male and female wasps of Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 65(1): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.23593
Figure 5 A. Maxilla (LM); c – cardo, ga – galea, l – lacinia, mxp – maxillary palpus, st – stipes. B. Fifth segment of maxillary palpus equipped with various sensilla (SEM); sba – sensillum basiconicum, str – sensillum trichodeum. C. Sensilla at the distal edge of galea (ga) (SEM); arrow indicates terminal pore; sca – sensillum campaniformium, sch – sensillum chaeticum.
Figure 4 from: Baranek B, Kuba K, Bauder JAS, Krenn HW (2018) Mouthpart dimorphism in male and female wasps of Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 65(1): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.23593
Figure 4 Labio-maxillary complex (SEM), head in posterior view. A. Maxilla and labium in resting position, ligula (gl – glossa and paraglossa) folded, female worker; c – cardo, lp – labial palpus, m – mentum, mxp – maxillary palpus, prm – prementum, st – stipes. B. Extended ligula, labial palpus (lp) and maxillary palpus (mxp), male; gl – glossa, pa – paraglossa.
Figure 3 from: Baranek B, Kuba K, Bauder JAS, Krenn HW (2018) Mouthpart dimorphism in male and female wasps of Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 65(1): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.23593
Figure 3 Head anatomy of a female worker (left) and a male individual (right) of V. germanica (micro CT). Adductor of the mandible (red) is much bigger in females than in males; abductor muscle (blue) is slightly bigger in females; ma – mandible.
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