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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium, Hepatozoon and Spirometra in snakes from central China

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the SSU gene of Cryptosporidium. The phylogenetic tree SSU gene (834bp) was constructed by using the Kimura 2-parameter model with MEGA 7.0 and the bootstrap values were calculated with 1000 replicates. Representative sequences of Cryptosporidium detected in snakes in this study are in bold print and marked by circles. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationship among the Enterocytozoon bieneusi groups. The relationship between the E in New genotypes and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in captive black bears in China

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationship among the Enterocytozoon bieneusi groups. The relationship between the E. bieneusi genotypes identified in this study and other known genotypes deposited in GenBank was inferred by neighbor-joining analysis of ITS sequences based on genetic distance using the Kimura-2-parameter model. The numbers on the branches represent percent bootstrapping values from 1000 replicates, with more than 50% shown in the tree. Each sequence is identified by its accession number, genotype designation, and host origin. Genotypes marked with black rhombuses and black triangles are novel and known genotypes identified in this study, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma spp. detected from striped leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros vittatus) in Zambia

Fig. 3. Species delimitation of Trypanosoma cruzi clade. Maximum likelihood phylogeny with outgroup (Trypanosoma lewisi) and with Baysian support values presented 17 linages recognized as species for the PTP analysis. Monophyletic groups in red indicated single putative species as well as terminal branches in blue.. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma spp. detected from striped leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros vittatus) in Zambia

Fig. 1. Giemsa staining of Trypanosoma sp. from ZB17–105 in BSK-M medium Representative images of ZB17-105 in the BSK-M medium are displayed at the same magnification (x1000). (a,b) flagellates resembling promastigote forms. (c) possibly epimastigote forms under division. K: kinetoplast, N: nucleus, F: flagellum.

Fig. 4 in Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic relationship of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites of owls in Thailand: Data from a rehabilitation centre

Fig. 4. Colour heatmap of pairwise genetic distances estimated from nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene (479 bp) of Haemoproteus spp. based on the Jukes-Canter model. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic relationship of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites of owls in Thailand: Data from a rehabilitation centre

Fig. 3. Bayesian phylogeny based on partial cytochrome b gene (479 base pairs) of Haemoproteus species lineages. The lineages reported in this study are given in bold. MalAvi lineage codes and GenBank accession numbers are given after species names. Node values (in percentages) indicate posterior clade probabilities. Vertical bars indicate clades of Haemoproteus subgenus (A), Parahaemoproteus (B). Almost all of the Parahaemoproteus lineages recovered from owls were grouped together (clade B-1, grey box). * indicates lineages infecting Strigiformes.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2008View details →

Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation

Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2015View details →

Figure 1. A in New molecular data for parasites Hammerschmidtiella indicus and Thelandros scleratus (Nematoda: Oxyurida) to infer phylogenetic position

Figure 1. A phylogenetic tree based on the 18S rDNA sequences was constructed by using the ME method. The evolutionary distance values are indicated at the nodes. The GenBank accession number for each sequence is given adjacent to the name of the corresponding species.

Figure 5 in Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a new record, Tylenchorhynchus zeae, and some known species of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi, 1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 from Iran

Figure 5. Pairwise identity between species based on SDTv 1.2 software. Brown and red colors show higher percentage of identity between species.

Figure 3 in Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a new record, Tylenchorhynchus zeae, and some known species of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi, 1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 from Iran

Figure 3. Tylenchorhynchus zeae: anterior end of the female (A) and male (B), head with stylet (C), shape of the female body (D) and male (E), vulva with ovary (F), lateral lines (G), tail with bursa in male (H), and tail of female (I–K).

Figure 1 in Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a new record, Tylenchorhynchus zeae, and some known species of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi, 1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 from Iran

Figure 1. Anterior and posterior end of Amplimerlinius globigerus (A), Merlinius brevidens (B), Pratylenchoides alkani (C), P. ritteri (D), Scutylenchus rugosus (E), Scutylenchus tartuensis (F), and Trophurus impar (G).

Figure 2 in Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a new record, Tylenchorhynchus zeae, and some known species of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi, 1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 from Iran

Figure 2. Tylenchorhynchus zeae: anterior end of the female (A), head with stylet (B), lateral lines (C), vulva with ovary (D), tail terminus in female (E), tail terminus with bursa in male (F), phasmid (G), and spicule (H).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the E in Molecular characterization and novel genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet snakes in Beijing, China

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the E. bieneusi genotypes identified in this study and other reported genotypes. The relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood analysis of the ITS rRNA gene and the values generated greater than 70% are shown beside the nodes. Genotypes with filled circles and triangles are known and novel genotypes identified in this study, respectively.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis. Molecular analyses identified the specimens collected from CBW2 and CBW3 in Crassicaudiasis in three geographically and chronologically distant Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded off Brazil

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis. Molecular analyses identified the specimens collected from CBW2 and CBW3 as Crassicauda anthonyi, based on the ITS2 region, and supported by phylogenetic analysis. Analysis was performed by MEGA X 10.1 using the maximum likelihood method (1,000 bootstrap replicates) and included Habronema muscae as outgroup. GenBank accession numbers are listed along the species names. Branches with bootstrap support lower than 50% were collapsed. *Sequences obtained in this study.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between 74 in Prevalence and molecular characterization of novel species of the Diplomonad genus Octomitus (Diplomonadida: Giardiinae) from wildlife in a New York watershed

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between 74 sequences of Octomitus representing 14 genotypes estimated by maximum likelihood analysis. The GTR + I + G model (gamma shape = 0.338, prop. invariable sites = 0.619) was chosen by jModelTest2 to be the best-fitting evolutionary model. Branches with less than 70% bootstrap support were not considered statistically robust and were collapsed during manual editing of the visualization. Inset: ML phylogeny computed from Octomitus genotypes aligned with the homologous region of available Diplomonad 18S rDNA sequences from Giardia, Spironucleus, Hexamita, Trimitus, and Enteromonas.

Fig. 5 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 5. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstruction of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase Subunit I (cox1) gene tree of the Sarcocystis spp. under investigation. Where possible, sequences of the same species were used as shown in the 18S rRNA gene tree, including the outgroup. The newly sequenced Sarcocystis spp. are marked with black symbols. A total of 25 nucleotide sequences and 603 sites of the barcode area (all codon positions included) was analyzed with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Branch support from three replicate analyses is shown. The evolutionary history was inferred by using ML based on the HKY model. The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 6438.6551) is shown. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (four categories [+G, parameter = 0.9037]). The rate variation model allowed for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable ([+I], 17.4959% sites). All positions with less than 98% site coverage were eliminated. Branch lengths are measured in the number of substitutions per site. Note the long branch lengths of ruminant Sarcocytis spp. in comparison to other members of the Sarcocystidae as well as eimeriid coccidia from phylogenetically diverse hosts.

Fig. 2 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 2. Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp.1 from the mangrove snake in abdominal musculature of a Sprague-Dawley rat; a) One μm-thin section through a resin-embedded, toluidine-stained sarcocyst showing densely-packed cystozoites (CZ) that were contained in septate compartments; the arrow indicates the cyst wall with small protrusions, which are clearly visible because host cell (HC) tissue is removed at this position; b) gross view of the cyst wall and cystozoites in a longitudinal section; the black arrow indicates a thin septum that separated the compartments filled with cystozoites; protrusions (PT) were broad, short, and irregularshaped, often with a reticulate base that rested on a thin layer of ground substance (GS); c) cross-section of sarcocyst, showing the primary cyst wall at higher magnification to consist of electron-dense, knob-like structures with intermittent invaginations; it appeared as if the primary wall was fenestrated (asterisk) allowing exchange of fine granular material (arrowheads) between the interior and exterior of the cyst; the exterior space between the protrusions was entirely filled with granular substance. d) metrocytes exclusively divided by endodyogeny as only cells with two developing zoites (asterisks) were observed; the white arrow points at deposits of highly electron-dense matter that could form larger clusters in the GS of the septae.

Fig. 1 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 1. Light microscopic observations on the development of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated musculature of Sprague-Dawley rats; a) typical sporocysts, here in fecal smear from Boiga dendrophila, that were used for infection of rats; sporocysts contained a granular residual body (asterisk) and four sporozoites (SP), which are all visible in the upper sporocyst; b) full-length micrograph of a typical (native) sarcocyst of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated belly musculature, the arrows indicating folds of the cysts' body; c) high magnification of the cyst wall of a native sarcocyst, the arrows pointing at the apparently smooth wall; this is the same cyst as depicted in Fig. 2a; the inset shows freshly released, live cystozoites under phase-contrast light microscopy.

Fig. 4 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 4. Predicted secondary structure of helix 38 in domain V7 of the 18S rRNA of Sarcocystis sp.1, Sarcocystis sp.2, S. attenuati, S. scandentiborneensis, and S. zuoi in comparison to S. clethrionomyelaphis (shaded inset). The 7-nt long motif 5′-AAUUCGU-3' (relative to all Apicomplexan taxa examined; nt in italic letters in shaded oval) mapped to a hairpin loop position of helix 38 and was characteristic for all species of the S. zuoi – complex; the motif was one nt (Cytosine) shorter in helix 38 of S. clethrionomyelaphis. Sequences were aligned to a secondary structure model of the Eukarya using SSU-ALIGN. The numbering of nucleotides (bars) and helices is based on the 1881 nt-long structural template. Position 1430 corresponds to position 1357 of the predicted secondary structure of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) as published by Gagnon et al. (1996).

Fig. 3 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 3. Bayesian Inference (BI) of the 18S rRNA phylogeny of Sarcocystis spp. infecting colubrid snakes and small mammals in Asia; the S. zuoi – complex of species is highlighted by the shaded box. This complex excludes S. clethrionomyelaphis, which branches off basally. All new sequences, including a new isolate of S. zamani from Sumatra, are highlighted by black symbols. The known definitive and/or intermediate hosts associated with the selected sequences of the S. zuoi-group are indicated. Eimeriid species from phylogenetically diverse hosts served as outgroups. Bayesian posterior probabilities of three independent analyses (and alignments) are indicated behind each node, showing only one value if results of replicates were identical.