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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2008View details →

Figure 3. Likelihood trees generated from the X in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group

Figure 3. Likelihood trees generated from the X- and Y-chromosomal datasets. Bootstrap values of 50 and above (100 replicates, 'fast' stepwise addition) are included throughout the trees. The dashed ovals indicate the consistent recovery of a lhoesti group monophyly. One Chlorocebus solatus sample (CS026) is derived from a female (XX), and therefore is not represented in the Y-chromosomal tree.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2008View details →

Figure 1 in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group

Figure 1. Present ranges of the lhoesti group relative to two putative Pleistocene refugia and the Congo River Basin. Species distributions follow Kingdon (1997), and refuges follow Grubb (2001). Harrison (1988) hypothesized that the evolutionary dispersal of the lhoesti group followed an eastward path around the Congo Basin, along either its northern or southern rim. In contrast, Kaplin (2002) suggested that the lhoesti group ancestor may have spread through the basin, with its present distribution being the result of a vicariant event.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Worldwide savanna monkey (Chlorocebus spp.) body measures

Objectives: Direct comparative work in morphology and growth on widely dispersed wild primate taxa is rarely accomplished, yet critical to understanding ecogeographic variation, plastic local varia- tion in response to human impacts, and variation in patterns of growth and sexual dimorphism. We investigated population variation in morphology and growth in response to geographic variables (i.e., latitude, altitude), climatic variables (i.e., temperature and rainfall), and human impacts in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus spp.). Methods: We trapped over 1,600 wild vervets from across Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, and compared measurements of body mass, body length, and relative thigh, leg, and foot length in four well-represented geographic samples: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and St. Kitts & Nevis. Results: We found significant variation in body mass and length consistent with Bergmann's Rule in adult females, and in adult males when excluding the St. Kitts & Nevis population, which was more sexually dimorphic. Contrary to Rensch's Rule, although the South African population had the largest average body size, it was the least dimorphic. There was significant, although very small, variation in all limb segments in support for Allen's Rule. Females in high human impact areas were heavier than those with moderate exposures, while those in low human impact areas were lighter; human impacts had no effect on males. Conclusions: Vervet monkeys appear to have adapted to local climate as predicted by Bergmann's and, less consistently, Allen's Rule, while also responding in predicted ways to human impacts. To better understand deviations from predicted patterns will require further comparative work in vervets.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Data and R code for: Survival to weaning in arid-country vervet monkeys

We addressed the relative contributions of maternal rank and sociability to the survival of infant vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to nutritional independence (~210 days) in a resource-poor environment. Data from 153 infants across three troops and 10 birth cohorts indicated a pre-weaning mortality of 30% (Range: 9%-85%), with a median age at death of 50 days. In addition to the consequences of resource availability, increased infant survival was independently and equivalently associated with higher maternal rank and a greater number of maternal spatial partners. We use this outcome to suggest that apparent discrepancies in the relative importance of different maternal attributes in determining reproductive outcomes may be resolved by considering more closely local  sources of infant mortality.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Expanded distribution and predicted suitable habitat for the critically endangered yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) in Peru

The Tropical Andes Biodiversity Hotspot holds a remarkable number of species at risk of extinction due to anthropogenic habitat loss, hunting and climate change. One of these species, the Critically Endangered yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda), was recently sighted in Junín region, 206 kilometres south of its previously known distribution. The range extension, combined with continued habitat loss, calls for a re-evaluation of the species' distribution and available suitable habitat. Here, we present novel data from surveys at 53 sites in the regions of Junín, Cerro de Pasco, Ayacucho and Cusco. We encountered L. flavicauda at 9 sites, all in Junín, and the congeneric L. l. tschudii at 20 sites, but never in sympatry. Using these new localities along with all previous geographic localities for the species, we made predictive Species Distribution Models based on Ecological Niche Modelling using a generalized linear model and maximum entropy. Each model incorporated bioclimatic variables, forest cover, vegetation measurements, and elevation as predictor variables. Model evaluation showed >80% accuracy for all measures. Precipitation was the strongest predicter of species presence. Habitat suitability maps illustrate potential corridors for gene flow between the southern and northern populations, although much of this area is inhabited by L. l. tschudii. An analysis of the current protected area (PA) network showed ~47% of remaining suitable habitat is unprotected. With this, we suggest priority areas for new protected areas or expansions to existing reserves that would conserve potential corridors between L. flavicauda populations. Further surveys and characterization of the distribution in intermediate areas, combined with studies on genetic flow, are still needed to protect this species.

Fig. 3 in Motor Stereotypic Behaviors In Zoo Rhesus Monkeys: A Case Study Of The Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal

Fig. 3. Motor stereotypic behavior performed by the captive rhesus monkeys; A — under different time of the day; B — under different begging intensities (ns = statistically not significant difference).

Fig. 4. Probable relationship between the MSB and begging. A in Motor Stereotypic Behaviors In Zoo Rhesus Monkeys: A Case Study Of The Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal

Fig. 4. Probable relationship between the MSB and begging. A — by controlling for sex of the captive monkeys; and, B — by controlling for the different probability of the visitor-monkey interaction (Min. — minutes).

Fig. 2 in Motor Stereotypic Behaviors In Zoo Rhesus Monkeys: A Case Study Of The Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal

Fig. 2. Motor stereotypic behavior shown by the captive rhesus monkeys: A — difference between males and females; and B — on the basis of the different rearing histories (*** statistically significant difference).

Fig. 1 in Motor Stereotypic Behaviors In Zoo Rhesus Monkeys: A Case Study Of The Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal

Fig. 1. Mean time invested on motor stereotypic behavior per focal sampling bout of 30 minutes by adult males and females (*** statistically significant difference).

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

low Cerro Gordo; StL 2, Cerro Gordo sandstone; StL 3, between Cerro Gordo and Chunchullo; StL 4, Chunchullo sandstone; StL 5, bed set between Chunchullo and Tatacoa; StL 6, Tatacoa sandstone; StL 7, bed set below Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 8, Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 9, Monkey beds; StL 10, bed set above Monkey beds; StL 12, bed set above Fish bed; StL 14, bed set below La Venta red beds; StL 15, La Venta red beds; StL 16, bed set between La Venta red beds and El Cardón red beds; StL 17, El Cardón red beds; StL 18, San Francisco sandstone; StL 19, Polonia red beds; D, reconstruction of the head of Neodolodus colombianus based on the 3D model of the almost complete skull of the specimen VPPLT 1696. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; St m, Stratigraphic meter. Reconstruction of N. colombianus made by Tatsuya Shimura. in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)

low Cerro Gordo; StL 2, Cerro Gordo sandstone; StL 3, between Cerro Gordo and Chunchullo; StL 4, Chunchullo sandstone; StL 5, bed set between Chunchullo and Tatacoa; StL 6, Tatacoa sandstone; StL 7, bed set below Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 8, Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 9, Monkey beds; StL 10, bed set above Monkey beds; StL 12, bed set above Fish bed; StL 14, bed set below La Venta red beds; StL 15, La Venta red beds; StL 16, bed set between La Venta red beds and El Cardón red beds; StL 17, El Cardón red beds; StL 18, San Francisco sandstone; StL 19, Polonia red beds; D, reconstruction of the head of Neodolodus colombianus based on the 3D model of the almost complete skull of the specimen VPPLT 1696. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; St m, Stratigraphic meter. Reconstruction of N. colombianus made by Tatsuya Shimura.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Data from: Predictions about reward outcomes in rhesus monkeys

Human infants and nonhuman animals respond to surprising events by looking longer at unexpected-than-expected situations. These looking responses provide core cognitive evidence that nonverbal minds make predictions about possible outcomes and detect when these predictions fail to match reality. We propose that this phenomenon has crucial parallels with the processes of reward prediction error, indexing the difference between expected and actual reward outcomes. Most work on reward prediction errors to date involves neurobiological techniques that cannot be implemented in many relevant populations, so we developed a novel behavioral task to assess monkeys' predictions about reward outcomes using looking time responses. In Study 1, we tested how semi-free-ranging monkeys (n = 210) responded to positive error (more rewards than expected), negative error (less rewards than expected), and number control. We found that monkeys looked longer at a given reward when it was unexpectedly large or small, compared to when the same quantity was expected. In Study 2, we compared responses in the positive error condition in monkeys ranging from infancy to old age (n = 363), to assess lifespan changes in sensitivity to reward predictions. We found that adolescent monkeys showed heightened responses to unexpected rewards, similar to patterns seen in humans, but showed no changes during aging. These results suggest that monkeys' looking responses can be used to track their predictions about rewards and that monkeys share some developmental signatures of reward sensitivity with humans, providing a new approach to accessing cognitive processes underlying reward-based decision-making.