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Figure 3 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 3. Chromatic ratios calculated from pictures of the Colobopsis CSL and DQL patterns and from pictures of the two putative model species Cr. scutellaris and D. quadripunctatus (N = 2 0 for each species or chromatic form). Boxplots show mean and standard deviation, while whiskers represent minimum and maximum values. Dots correspond to measured individuals. Their dispersal on the X-axis is a randomized graphic effect to avoid overlaps.

Figure 2 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 2. Type material of the described West-Palaearctic Colobopsis, all showing to the 'D. quadripunctatus-like' pattern. A, holotype queen of Colobopsis truncata from Liguria, Italy, preserved at the Turin Natural History Museum (Italy). B, syntype worker of Colobopsis fuscipes from Austria (picture from AntWeb.org, FOCOL2496; photographer: Christiana Klingenberg), preserved at the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin (Berlin, Germany). Note that the queen's red colour in the anterior heavily sculptured part of the phragmotic head is not relevant to evaluating its chromatic pattern. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 11. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E, F in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 11. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E, F, queen; C, D, G, male. Specimens from the type locality. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Pictures also available on AntWeb.org database, specimen codes: ANTWEB1041483 and ANTWEB1041484.

Figure 8 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 8. Trail-following behaviour on Crematogaster scutellaris trails by other ants (indicated with arrows). On the left (A, C, E) CSL Colobopsis; on the right (B, D, F) Camponotus lateralis observed in the same locality performing the same behaviour (photos taken in Palermo (Sicily) during field surveys).

Figure 12 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 12. Male genitalia of Colobopsis imitans in ventral and dorsal view, specimen from the type locality. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Figure 1 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 1. The model species and the two detected chromatic model patterns of Colobopsis: A, Crematogaster scutellaris; B, CSL Colobopsis from Sicily; C, Dolichoderus quadripunctatus from Tuscany; D, DQL Colobopsis from Tuscany.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 4. Ranges of occurrence of species of the family Physidae. 1—P. acuta, 2—A. hypnorum, 3—P. gyrina, 4—P. fontinalis (Feliksiak 1939; Adam 1960; Backhuys 1975, Vidal Abarca & Suarez 1986; Lisický 1991; Anderson 1996, 1997;Turner et al. 1998; Cossignani & Cossignani 1995; Kerney 1999; Anderson 2003; Beran 2004; Bank 2006; Yildirim et al. 2006; Son 2007; Horsȃk et al. 2010; Glöer & Diercking 2010; CABI Data Mining 2011; Bódis et al. 2012; Laenko 2012; Van Damme et al. 2012; Welter-Schultes 2012; Glöer 2015; Vinarski et al. 2015; Raković et al. 2016; Piechocki & Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska 2016; Moroz et al. 2017; Cieplok & Spyra 2020; www.faunaeuropea.org; http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de).

FIGURE 7 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 7. Characteristic features of P. gyrina with special emphasis on the white lip (10.18150/WOIHYB) (Phot. M. Gawlak).

FIGURE 3 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 3. Scanning electron microscopy image of A. hypnorum shell (10.18150/UFOMHM) A, B—front (with visible lip) and back side of the shell, C—projecting lamellar crystals on the lip (Phot. A—C M. Gawlak).

FIGURE 2 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of the shell apex of Physidae (10.18150/FIZSWX) Horizontally: A—P. acuta (subsidence ponds); B—A. hypnorum (anthropogenic ponds, Poland); C—P. fontinalis (Nida River, Poland); D—P. gyrina (Ireland, The Argory- ditch and Sandy Bay L Neagh; Wales, Gwent Levels in pond in flood plain (l. Killen); E- Apex of the small (young) specimens—1—P. acuta, 2—A. hyponorum, 3—P. fontinalis, 4—P. gyrina (Phot. A–E M. Gawlak).

FIGURE 1 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 1. Physidae of Western and Central Europe (10.18150/YPDFJU)—general shell morphology A—Physa acuta (Phot. M. Kanturski), B—Aplexa hypnorum, C—Physa fontinalis, D—Physa gyrina; 1—front side of the shell, 2—shell from the side view, 3—back side of the shell (Phot. B–D A. Cieplok, A. Spyra).

FIGURE 6. P in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 6. P. acuta shell features (SEM) (10.18150/G6UWMN); in which the sutural belts are visible (A), the structure of a white lip (B) with characteristic projecting lamellar crystals (C) is indicated by an arrow (Phot. A–C M. Gawlak), (D) a view of the lip visible under the stereoscopic microscope (Phot. M. Kanturski).

FIGURE 8 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 8. Correspondence Analysis (CA) diagram for the Physidae species; 1—Whorl convexity, 2—Spire, 3—Shell thickness, 4—Thickened appendages, 5—Shell shine, 6—Shell width and height ratio, 7—Aperture height, 8—Shell height, 9—Lip, 10—Apex, 11—Shell width, 12—Aperture width, 13—Spire height.

Figure 7. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 3 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 7. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 3: protibia. A, L. mesatlanticus; B, L. fretalis; C, typical female tibia (L. fretalis) for comparison.

Figure 4 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 4. Schematic view of L. truncatellus aedeagus as an example. a-add, apical addition of median lobe; a1, main ventral appendage; a2, secondary ventral appendage; a3, main dorsal appendage; a4, secondary dorsal appendage; fo, structure associated with flagellum opening; lp, left paramere; rp (?), possible derivation of the right paramere; ml, median lobe; ml-c, border of the ventral channel of the median lobe; bc, margin of the basal capsule; bf, basal foramen.

Figure 3 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 3. Examples of different aedeagus patterns of Limnebiini in the ventral aspect (if no indication), basal foramen—below, bar—relative length: 1, Laeliaena sichuanensis (a, ventral; b, lateral aspects); 2, L. evanescens (sp-p, sperm pump of L. perparvulus, typical of Bilimneus, in scale); 3, L. feuerborni; 4, L. boukali; 5, L. pollex (a, ventral; b, lateral aspects); 6, L. mitus; 7, L. arenicolus; 8, L. aluta; 9, L. parvulus; 10, L. stagnalis; 11, L. furcatus; 12, L. setifer; 13, L. cordobanus; 14, L. gracilipes; 15, L. paganettii; 16, L. fretalis; 17, L. nitiduloides; 18, L. mesatlanticus; 19, L. truncatellus; 20, L. pilicauda (a, ventral; b, lateral aspects); 21, L. murentius; 22, L. attalensis 23, L. kocheri; 24, L. minoricensis; 25, L. graecus; 26, L. maurus. (lp, left paramere; rp, right paramere; a1–4, additional appendages; a-add, apical addition; f, fold of medal lobe; s, setae; end, endophallus), length of aedeagus of L. fretalis (biggest genitalia) is 1.2 mm.

Figure 6. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 2 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 6. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 2: abdomen. A, L. furcatus; B, L. fretalis. (s, setae; p, protuberance).

Figure 2 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 2. Examples of Limnebius wings: A, Bilimneus (L. evanescens); B, Limnebius s.s. (L. minoricensis); C, set of measurements: l, total length; vl, length of vein; pw, proximal width; mw, maximal width, a: angle.

Figure 8 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 8. Histological transversal sections of the connection zone of the aedeagus' appendages, marked by the rectangle in the genitalia view (not in scale). A, L. cordobanus; B, L. fretalis; C, L. truncatellus; D, L. pilicauda; E, L. maurus. (ml, median lobe; lp, left paramere; a1–a4, additional appendages; f, flagellum; fo, flagellum opening; s, setae). Numeration is from the apical to basal, dorsal part in each section—above.

Figure 5. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 1 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 5. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 1: metatibia. A, typical female tibia (L. fretalis) for comparison; B, L. fretalis; C, L. furcatus; D, L. truncatellus.