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Figure 2 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 2. Measurements of characters in equatorial section. A, embryonic apparatus; B, marginal test spiral; C, chamber measurements; D, example individual, Operculinoides floridensis, specimen 98LC-1H-648.

Figure 1. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 1. A, schematic tectonic map of western and central Cuba (after Iturrlade-Vinent 1994), with locations of the stratigraphical sections and samples. B, stratigraphical relations of Eocene units in western and central Cuba, slightly modified from Garćıa-Delgado & Torres-Silva (1997); stratigraphical ranges of the studied sections: A, 98LC-2; B, 98LC-1; C, LM-52; D, NOR-UN; E, 98MT-1; F, E-126; G, CA-215.

Figure 3. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 3. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; colours accord with the results of the K-means cluster analysis. Numbers indicate the measured type material: 1, Nummulites stritoreticulatus, holotype; 2, N. macgillavry (from Butterlin 1981); 3, Operculinoides trinitatensis, holotype; 4, O. spiralis, holotype; 5. O. kugleri, holotype; 6, N. trinitatensis (from Butterlin 1961); 7, O. willcoxi (from Barker 1939); 8, O. willcoxi (from Cole 1941); 9, O. floridensis (from Frost & Langenheim 1974); 10, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 11, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 12, O. soldadensis (from Vaughan & Cole 1941); 13, O. suteri (from Caudri 1996); 14, N. floridensis (from Butterlin 1961). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Nummulites from 98LC-2 and Palaeonummulites from 98LC-1. C, discriminant analysis between the interpreted species: Nummulites striatoreticulatus, Palaeonummulites trinitatensis, Operculinoides floridensis and Operculinoides soldadensis; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.

Figure 2 in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 2. Homologous landmark (numbered black or white circles) and semi-homologous landmark (red circles with asterisk [*] connected by red lines) on tooth samples of Megachasma applegatei (A), M. pelagios (B), and Odontaspis ferox (C) for principal component analysis (not to scale). Seven homologous landmarks: 1, the crown apex, 2 and 3, right- and left-most extremities of the crown; 4, apical-most point around the middle of the crown base; 5 and 6, basal extremity of each of the two root lobes; and 7, apical-most point of the basal root concavity.

Figure 3. A in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 3. A. Scatter plot diagram showing principal component analysis of 207 teeth of Megachasma applegatei (black plots) compared with all 178 teeth of extant M. pelagios (red plots), and all 78 teeth of extant Odontaspis ferox separated into tooth types using different colors (symphysial teeth = green; anterior teeth = dark blue; intermediate teeth = purple; lateral teeth = brown). B. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of M. applegatei, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale) represented by certain plots (illustrated teeth: LACM 9883, 150907, 155340, 155348, 155357, 155373, 155393, 155424, 155434, 155456, 155563, 155622, 155630, 155651, 155653, 155694, and 155700). C. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of M. pelagios, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale: see Fig. 1C, D) represented by certain plots. D. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of O. ferox, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale: see Fig. 1F) represented by certain plots. Asterisk (*): on axes in B and C = PC1 and PC2 originally labeled inversely by the software (see text for detail); by photograph of teeth in C-D = Upper teeth.

Figure 1. A in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 1. A. Generalized consensus tree of extant lamniform families on the basis of molecular-based phylogenetic studies, highlighting Megachasmidae in bold (see Stone and Shimada 2019, fig. 6, and references therein). B. Extant megamouth shark, Megachasma pelagios (after Compagno 1984). C, D. Right upper (C) and right lower (D) teeth of extant M. pelagios (BPBM 22730, 446 cm TL, male) in (from top row to bottom row) lingual, labial, mesial, apical, and basal views, showing strong tendency towards homodonty. E. Extant smalltooth sand tiger, Odontaspis ferox (after Compagno 1984). F. Left upper and left lower dental series of extant O. ferox (BPBM 9335, 297(?) cm TL, male(?)) showing representative 'lamnoid tooth pattern' (A or a = anterior teeth; I or i = intermediate tooth; L or l = lateral tooth; S or s = symphysial tooth). Scale bars: B and E = 50 cm; C, D, F = 5 mm

Figure 4 in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 4. Three reconstructed dentitions of Megachasma applegatei under three different assumptions (see text for detail). A. Artificial dentition based on Odontaspis ferox as a model. B. Artificial dentition depicted as intermediate between O. ferox and M. pelagios. C. Artificial dentition based on M. pelagios as a model. Scale bar = 5 mm (note: each scale bar applies to each respective dentition consisting of teeth with digitally adjusted sizes [see text]).

Figure 16 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 16. Operculinoides floridensis (Heilprin). A–C, Loma Candelaria; A, 98LC-1-651; B, 98LC-1-667; C, 98LC-1-815. D, E, Loma Viǵıa; D, CA-216-F3-16; E, CA-216-D1a. F, Loma El Santo, CA-215-852. G, Loma Jabaco, LM-52-759. H, Angelita Quarry, 98MT-1. A–D, F and G are A forms in equatorial section; E and F are A forms in axial section.

FIGURE 2 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 2. Reconstruction of the Palaeolenus douvilei cephalon showing chosen landmarks and semilandmarks. Blue outlines show semilandmarks placement. White arrows indicate semilandmarks trajectory. The black lines show the orientations which are following Whittington et al. (1997). Abbreviations: sag. – sagittal; tr. – transverse; exs. – exsagittal.

FIGURE 3 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 3. Plots of principal component analyses. A. Plot of PC1-PC2 space where two main clusters are identified. Cluster in more positive PC1 space contains Palaeolenus douvillei specimens and the cluster in more negative PC1 space contains Megapalaeolenus deprati specimens. Thin-plate spline indicates the extreme shape for each axis. B. Plot of PC2-PC3 space showing no distinct clusters. C. Plot of PC1-PC3 space showing two distinct clusters of the P. douvillei and M. deprati. Clusters are all bound by convex hulls of proposed taxa.

FIGURE 1. Geological and biostratigraphical maps. A in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 1. Geological and biostratigraphical maps. A. The Shitangshan Section showing approximate stratigraphic distribution of Redlichia mansuyi and Redlichia mai (modified from Hu et al. 2010). B–D. Studied sections showing their approximate stratigraphic levels respectively in Wulongqing Formation. B. Huanglongqing Section. C. Longbaoshan Section. D. Xinglongcun Section. E. Map of Kunming showing the localities of studied sections. The red lines with arrows showing approximate sampling interbeds in each section.

FIGURE 6 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 6. Articulated and disarticulated specimens of Megapalaeolenus deprati from the Huanglongqing Section. A. HLQ-39A. B. HLQ-19. C. HLQ-37. D. HLQ-50. E. HLQ-13. F. HLQ-33. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 5. Articulated specimens of Palaeolenus douvillei from the Longbaoshan and Xinglongcun sections. A. LBS- 548. B. XLC-1960. C. LBS-566. D. XLC-2000A. E. LBS-661A. F. LBS-151. G. XLC-0904. H. LBS-629. I. LBS-177. Scale bars equal 3 mm. White arrows indicate the thorax-pygidium boundary.

FIGURE 4 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 4. The log-centroid size against regressed Procrustes ANOVA scores plot indicates the distinct clusters of the Palaeolenus douvillei and Megapalaeolenus deprati. Clusters bound by convex hulls of taxa. Hollow circles around points indicate specimens with 13 tergites and hollow pentagons around points indicate specimens with at least 14 tergites.

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Morphometrics in the recurved corolla clade of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae)

In this study, we used morphometric data to test species boundaries in the genus Burmeistera (Campanulaceae). Morphometrics measurements were made on herbarium specimens from a monophyletic clade of three species with recurved corolla lobes: B. crispiloba, B. sodiroana, B. succulenta. We used using both hierarchical and normal mixture model-based clustering methods to test the current species hypotheses. Our results support the recognition of the three known species plus a new species described in the paper.

Figure 25. Cymaclymenia aulax n in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 25. Cymaclymenia aulax n. sp. from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco; all × 1.0. (A) Holotype MB.C.22651 (Ebbighausen 2008 Coll.) from Aguelmous. (B) Paratype MB.C.22650 (Ebbighausen 2003 Coll.) from Lambidia (Aguelmous). (C) Paratype MB.C.22690 (Ebbighausen Coll.) from Fezzou.

Figure 17 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 17. Topotypes of Cymaclymenia striata (Münster, 1832) from Schübelhammer (Upper Franconia, Germany); all × 1.0. (A) Specimen MB.C.4184 (Münster Coll.). (B) Specimen MB.C.4195 (Münster Coll.). (C) Specimen MB.C.4173 (Münster Coll.).

Figure 13. Cymaclymenia subvexa n in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 13. Cymaclymenia subvexa n. sp. from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco; all × 1.0. (A) Holotype MB.C.22658 (Rücklin 2003 Coll.) from Bou Ifarherioun. (B) Paratype MB.C.22636.1 (Korn 1998 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (C) Paratype MB.C.22656.1 (Korn 1993 Coll.) from Bou Tchrafine. (D) Paratype MB.C.22656.2 (Korn 1993 Coll.) from Bou Tchrafine. (E) Paratype MB.C.22691.1 (Ebbighausen 1988 Coll.) from Fezzou. (F) Paratype MB.C.22691.2 (Ebbighausen 1988 Coll.) from Fezzou. (G) Paratype MB.C.22691.3 (Ebbighausen 1988 Coll.) from Fezzou. (H) Paratype MB.C.22689.1 (Ebbighausen 1988 Coll.) from Fezzou.

Figure 10 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 10. Ontogenetic pathways of six cymaclymeniid species in the morphospace calculated by data using an elliptical Fourier analysis of cross-section shapes.

Figure 16 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 16. Cross sections (A–D; all × 1.5) and ontogenetic trajectories (E–H) of Cymaclymenia formosa n. sp. from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco. (A) Paratype MB.C.22649.3 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Lambidia. (B) Paratype MB.C.22646.1 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (C) Paratype MB.C.22646.2 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (D) Paratype MB.C.22646.3 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (E) Conch width index (ww / dm). (F) Umbilical width index (ww / wh). (G) Whorl width index (uw / dm). (H) Whorl expansion rate (WER).