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254 results for “mountain biodiversity”
FIG. 4 in Biodiversity in mountain groundwater: the Mercantour National Park (France) as a European hotspot
FIG. 4. — Continuation.
Data from: Multiple origins of mountain biodiversity in New Zealand's largest plant radiation
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> How mountains accumulate species diversity remains poorly understood, particularly the relative role of <em>in situ</em> cladogenesis compared with colonization from lower elevations. Here, we estimated the contributions of <em>in situ</em> cladogenesis and colonization in generating biodiversity of a large mountain plant radiation and determined the importance of niche adaptation and divergence in these processes. We expected cladogenesis would accompany novel habitats formed by mountain uplift but colonization would become more important with time as dispersal opportunities accrue.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> New Zealand, Southern Alps</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> <em>Veronica</em> sect. <em>Hebe</em> (Plantaginaceae)</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We estimated the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny to date for <em>Veronica</em> sect. <em>Hebe</em> to quantify rates of <em>in situ </em>cladogenesis and colonization of mountain habitat based on historical biogeographical models. We used environmental niche modeling to quantify species' climate niches and estimate niche disparity and divergence over time.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> <em>In situ </em>cladogenesis generated more species in the mountains than colonization from lowlands. Whereas cladogenesis slowed over time, colonization increased, especially in the alpine zone. Both adaptive ecological speciation along climate niche axes and non-adaptive, vicariant speciation contributed to cladogenesis. However, climate niche disparity through time became saturated, suggesting competition for niche space was important. Colonization brought more divergent species into mountain niches.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> We suggest mountain diversity accumulates through three main stages: high cladogenesis after initial colonization, decreasing cladogenesis with increasing competition, and increasing colonization after niches saturate, likely promoted by niche divergence. Combining lineage and mountain uplift trajectories, these stages provide a conceptual model to understand how diversity accumulates elsewhere. Assuming these deep-time findings apply to anthropogenic conditions, alpine specialists could struggle to outcompete colonizers facilitated by climate change, especially from generalist clades. Considering novel competitive interactions alongside niche traits and biogeographical processes will be crucial for predicting the fate of alpine biodiversity in a changing world.</p>
Fig. 1 in Two new species of the genus Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901 (Hexapoda, Collembola, Onychiuridae) from Georgian caves with remarks on the subterranean biodiversity of the Caucasus Mountains
Fig. 1. Locations of studied caves in Georgia. For cave abbreviations see Table 1.
The occurrence data of wild apple in the Mountains of Central Asia Biodiversity Hotspot
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Diversifying in the mountains: spatio-temporal diversification of frogs in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot
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Data from: Lichen biodiversity and ecology in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains in southern California (U.S.A.)
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Data from: Multiple origins of mountain biodiversity in New Zealand’s largest plant radiation
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Mountain biodiversity and ecosystem functions: Interplay between geology and contemporary environments
<p><span>Although biodiversity and ecosystem functions are strongly shaped by contemporary environments such as climate and local biotic and abiotic attributes, relatively little is known about how they depend on long-term geological processes. Here, along a 3000-m elevational gradient with tectonic faults on the Tibetan Plateau, we studied the joint effects of geological and contemporary environments on biological communities<i>, </i>such as the diversity and community composition of plants and soil bacteria,<i> </i>and ecosystem functions<i>.</i> We found that these biological communities and ecosystem functions generally show consistent elevational breakpoints at 2000–2800 m, which coincide with Indus-Yalu suture zone fault and are similar to the elevational breakpoints of soil bacteria on another mountain range 1000 km away. Mean annual temperature, soil pH and moisture were the primary contemporary determinants of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, which supports previous findings. However, compared to the models excluding geological processes, inclusion of geological effects, including parent rock and weathering, increased 67.9% and 35.9% of the explained variations in plant and bacterial communities, respectively. Such inclusion increased 27.6% of the explained variations in ecosystem functions. The geological processes thus provide additional links to ecosystem properties, which are prominent but show divergent effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functions: parent rock and weathering exert considerable direct effects on biodiversity, whereas indirectly influence ecosystem functions via interactions with biodiversity and contemporary environments. Thus, the integration of geological processes with environmental gradients could enhance our understanding of biodiversity and, ultimately, ecosystem functioning across different climatic zones.</span></p>
Data from: Origins of global mountain plant biodiversity: testing the "mountain-geobiodiversity hypothesis"
Aim Our objective is to analyse global-scale patterns of mountain biodiversity (vascular plants) and the driving forces leading to the observed patterns. More specifically, we test the "mountain geobiodiversity hypothesis" (MGH) which is based on the assumption that it is not mountain-uplift alone which drives the evolution of mountain biodiversity, but rather the combination of geodiversity evolution and Neogene and Pleistocene climate changes. Hence, we address the following questions: 1) Do areas of high geodiversity and high biodiversity in mountains overlap, i.e., can mountain geodiversity predict mountain biodiversity? 2) What is the role of Pleistocene climate change in shaping mountain biodiversity? 3) Did diversification rate shifts occur predominantly with the onset of more pronounced climate fluctuations in the late Neogene and Pleistocene fostering a "species pump" effect, as predicted by the MGH? Location Global. Methods We used generalized linear models to test to what extent vascular plant species diversity in mountains can be explained by net primary productivity, geodiversity and Pleistocene climate fluctuations (i.e., changes in temperature between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and today). In addition, we compiled dates of diversification rate shifts from mountain systems and investigated whether these shifts occurred predominantly before or after the global major climatic fluctuations of the late Neogene and Pleistocene. Results Both net primary productivity and elevation range show a positive relationship, whereas Pleistocene climatic fluctuations show a negative impact on plant species diversity. The availability of climatic niche space during the LGM differs markedly among mountain systems. Shifts to higher diversification rates or starts of radiations showed the highest concentration from the late Miocene towards the Pleistocene, supporting the MGH. The most commonly inferred drivers of diversification were key innovations, geological processes (uplift), and climate. Main conclusions Our analyses point towards an important role of historical factors, i.e., Pleistocene climatic changes, on mountain plant species richness. Mountain systems characterised by small elevational ranges and strong modifications of temperature profiles appear to harbour fewer radiations. In contrast, mountain systems with the largest elevational ranges and stronger overlap between today´s and LGM temperature profiles are also those where most plant radiations were identified.
Figure 4 in Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)
Figure 4. Potamonautes namuliensis sp. nov. male holotype, SAM A46796. A, left gonopod 1, anterior view; B, left gonopod 1 posterior view; C, left gonopod 2 anterior view. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 3 in Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)
Figure 3. Potamonautes namuliensis sp. nov. Male holotype (carapace length = 21.55 mm) from Manho forest 1500 m a.s.l., Mount Namuli, Zambézia Province, central Mozambique SAM A46796. A, whole animal dorsal aspect; B, whole animal ventral aspect; C, cephalothorax, frontal aspect. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 2. A Bayesian phylogram for the combined 12S in Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)
Figure 2. A Bayesian phylogram for the combined 12S rRNA + 16S rRNA + COI mtDNA sequence data. Statistical values above the nodes represent values for bootstrapping for maximum parsimony (MP). Values below each node represent the posterior probability (pP) values for the Bayesian analyses. Only bootstrap values> 70% and pP values> 0.95 are shown.
Figure 1. A in Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)
Figure 1. A map showing the three sample sites in central and northern Mozambique and the one sample site in southern Malawi where freshwater crabs were collected.
Figure 5 in Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)
Figure 5. Potamonautes mulanjeensis sp. nov. Male holotype (carapace length = 25.38 mm) Madzeka hut 1800 m a.s.l., Mount Mulanje (form B, Fig. 2), southern Malawi, SAM A46799. A, whole animal dorsal aspect; B, whole animal ventral aspect; C, cephalothorax, frontal aspect. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 6 in Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)
Figure 6. Potamonautes mulanjeensis sp. nov. male holotype, SAM A46799. A, left gonopod 1, anterior view; B, left gonopod 1 posterior view. Scale bars = 10 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Biodiversity in the Andean Mountains: Two new rain frogs of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia
FIGURE 5. Clutch of Pristimantis chocolatebari sp. nov with 70 eggs (5.4–6.3 mm of diameter) in two or three developmental stages, inside a bromeliad on the ground just at the edge of the forest. Photo: MRC
FIGURE 2 in Biodiversity in the Andean Mountains: Two new rain frogs of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Pristimantis chocolatebari sp. nov. in preservative (MHUA-A 12212), SVL 22.8 mm, adult male. (A) Head in lateral view; (B) dorsal view; (C) ventral view; (D) hand in ventral view; (E) foot in ventral view. Photos: MRC
FIGURE 1 in Biodiversity in the Andean Mountains: Two new rain frogs of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia
FIGURE 1. (A) Maximum likelihood tree (lnL= -27488.1214) depicting evolutionary relationships within Pristimantis inferred from a partitioned analysis using 1490 sites of 16S and COI fragment and 125 terminals. The lower horizontal line indicates a genetic distance of 10%.
FIGURE 4 in Biodiversity in the Andean Mountains: Two new rain frogs of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia
FIGURE 4. Dorsal view in life of Pristimantis chocolatebari sp. nov. (A) MHUA-A 12212, SVL 22.8 mm, adult male, holotype; (B) MHUA-A 12211, SVL 25.1 mm, subadult female, paratype. Dorsal view in life of Pristimantis carylae sp. nov. in life: (C) ARUQ 818, SVL 24.6 mm, adult male, holotype; (D) ARUQ 821 SVL 24.7 mm, adult male, paratype; (E) ARUQ 815 SVL 26.5 mm, subadult female, paratype; (F) ARUQ 816, SVL 23.3 mm, adult male, paratype; (G) MHUA-A 12215, SVL 24.7 mm, subadult female, paratype; (H) MHUA-A 12213, SVL 25.0 mm, subadult female, paratype. Photos: SDM
FIGURE 3 in Biodiversity in the Andean Mountains: Two new rain frogs of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia
FIGURE 3. Pristimantis chocolatebari sp. nov. in life: (A) MHUA-A 12212, SVL 22.8 mm, adult male, holotype; (B) MHUA- A 12211, SVL 25.1 mm, subadult female, paratype. Pristimantis carylae sp. nov. in life: (C) MHUA-A 12215, SVL 24.7 mm, subadult female, paratype; (D) MHUA-A 12213, SVL 25.0 mm, subadult female, paratype. Photos: MRC
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.