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419 results for “mycorrhizal.”
Data for: Assessing above and belowground recovery from ammonium sulphate addition and wildfire in a lowland heath: mycorrhizal fungi as potential indicators.
<p>Atmospheric pollution containing soil-nitrifying ammonium sulphate ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) affects semi-natural ecosystems worldwide. Long-term additions of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> to nitrogen(N)-limited habitats, including heathlands, increase climate stress affecting recovery from wildfires. Although heathland vegetation largely depends on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ErM) to access soil N, we lack a detailed understanding of how prolonged exposure to (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> may alter ErM community composition and host plants' reliance on fungal partners following wildfire and affect recovery. Simulation of atmospheric pollution ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) occurred bi-weekly for 5 years after a 2006 wildfire in a UK heathland. Ten years after treatments ceased, we measured vegetation structure, lichen and lichen photobiont composition, soil characteristics, ErM colonisation, ErM diversity in roots and soil, and assessed ErM potential as novel recovery indicators. Heather height and density, and <a>moss </a>groundcover, were greater in N-enriched plots. Lichen community indices showed significant treatment effects but without differences in photobionts. Soil pH and Mg were significantly lower in treated plots while soil cation exchange capacity was significantly higher. There were no detectable differences in ErM composition and keystone ErM taxa between control and treated plots. Soil carbon stock measures were variable. Our results indicate atmospheric pollution following fire can have significant lingering effects above- and belowground. ErM diversity and root colonization were not assessed in the original N-addition experiment; we advocate for their inclusion in future studies as an integral part of the recovery assessment toolkit. We show that mycorrhizal fungi diversity is a viable ecological tool and summarise key steps for ErM identification.</p>
Plant choice between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species results in increased plant P acquisition
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are plant root symbionts that provide phosphorus (P) to plants in exchange for photosynthetically fixed carbon (C). Previous research has shown that plants – given a choice among AMF species – may preferentially allocate C to AMF species that provide more P. However, these investigations rested on a limited set of plant and AMF species, and it therefore remains unclear how general this phenomenon is. Here, we combined 4 plant and 6 AMF species in 24 distinct plant-AMF species compositions in split-root microcosms, manipulating the species identity of AMF in either side of the root system. Using <sup>14</sup>C and <sup>32</sup>P/<sup>33</sup>P radioisotope tracers, we tracked the transfer of C and P between plants and AMF, respectively. We found that when plants had a choice of AMF species, AMF species which transferred more P acquired more C. Evidence for preferential C allocation to more beneficial AMF species within individual plant roots was equivocal. However, AMF species which transferred more P to plants did so at lower C-to-P ratios, highlighting the importance both of absolute and relative costs of P acquisition from AMF. When plants had a choice of AMF species, their shoots contained a larger total amount of P at higher concentrations. Our results thus highlight the benefits of plant C choice among AMF for plant P acquisition.</p>
Plant-mycorrhizal associations may explain the latitudinal gradient of plant community assembly
<p>Biogeographical variation in community assembly processes forms the basis of the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity by driving b-diversity. Classical studies on community assembly predict environmental filtering affecting b-diversity more strongly at higher latitudes, where productivity is lower and abiotic stress is stronger. Contrary to this prediction, recent evidence indicates that plant community composition at higher latitudes exhibits more spatially clustered distributions independently of background environments, suggesting the importance of spatial processes, such as priority effects. In this study, we propose a hypothesis that resolves this paradox by considering plant-soil feedback and biogeographic variations in the dominant mycorrhizal type: we predict that the increasing prevalence of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees with latitude contributes to the spatially clustered distribution of plants, as EcM trees tend to exhibit positive plant-soil feedback. We analyzed a large-scale standardized dataset of Japanese forests covering a latitudinal gradient of >10º and found that (i) the proportion of EcM trees was higher at higher latitudes, and (ii) EcM tree-rich communities exhibited more spatially clustered distributions likely due to positive plant-soil feedback. Consequently, (iii) tree species composition at higher latitudes was better explained by spatial variables suggesting the importance of priority effects. Consistent with the predictions of the plant-soil feedback theory, these patterns were more pronounced in understory than in canopy communities. Taken together, our results lend support to our hypothesis that biogeographic variation in tree community assembly patterns is defined by mycorrhizal types and plant-soil feedback, thereby resolving a paradox in the latitudinal gradient of plant community assembly. Our work highlights that plant mycorrhizal type underlies the determinants of b-diversity which is a critical component of the latitudinal gradient of diversity.</p>
Data from: Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi Influences floral display traits
<p>Most plants form root hyphal relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These associations are known to positively impact plant biomass and competitive ability. However, less is known about how mycorrhizae may impact other ecological interactions, such as those mediated by pollinators.</p> <p>We performed a meta-regression of studies that manipulated AMF and measured traits related to pollination, including floral display, rewards, visitation, and reproduction, extracting 63 studies with 423 effects.</p> <p>On average, the presence of mycorrhizae was associated with positive effects on floral traits. Specifically, we found impacts of AMF on floral display, pollinator visitation and reproduction, and a positive but non-significant impact on rewards. Studies manipulating mycorrhizae with fungicide tended to report contrasting results, possibly because fungicide destroys both beneficial and pathogenic microbes.</p> <p>Our study highlights the potential for relationships with mycorrhizal fungi to play an important, yet underrecognized role in plant-pollinator interactions. With heightened awareness of the need for a more sustainable agricultural industry, mycorrhizal fungi may offer the opportunity to reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers. At the same time, fungicides are now ubiquitous in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates indirect ways in which plant-belowground fungal partnerships could manifest in plant-pollinator interactions.</p>
Formations of mycorrhizal symbiosis alter the phenolic heteropolymers in roots and leaves of four temperate woody species
<p>The decomposition rates of senesced tissues from plants associated with ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi tend to differ from that associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, the chemical underpinnings that could drive the observed differences in decomposition are less explored.</p> <p>Here, we characterized the content, composition, and spatial organization of phenolic heteropolymers in roots and leaves of four temperate tree species across eight plant-fungus combinations, forming either AM or EcM associations.</p> <p>Colonization by either AM or EcM fungi tended to decrease the abundance of lignin, condensed tannins, and ratios of lignin and nitrogen in roots and/or leaves, which would lead to lower chemical recalcitrance of tissues. The decrease in root lignin abundance by either mycorrhizal type was associated with an expanded cortex, potentially facilitating symbiosis. Additionally, changes in lignin molecular composition by mycorrhizal symbiosis differed between plant phylogenetic lineages irrespective of mycorrhizal type.</p> <p>Our results suggest that the mycorrhiza-associated changes in plant chemical traits that regulate litter decomposition may not be unique to AM or EcM associations; rather, both associations can reduce root and leaf chemical recalcitrance. Further, the differential modification in lignin composition by mycorrhizal symbiosis between plant phylogenetic groups highlights the influence of plant evolutionary history in plant-mycorrhizal interactions.</p>
Roadside disturbance promotes plant communities with arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in mountain regions worldwide
<p><em>Aim: </em>We aimed to assess the impact of road disturbances on the dominant mycorrhizal types in ecosystems at the global level and how this mechanism can potentially lead to lasting plant community changes.</p> <p><em>Location: </em>Globally distributed mountain regions</p> <p><em>Time Period:</em> 2007-2018 Taxa studied: Plants (linked to their associated mycorrhizal fungi)</p> <p><em>Methods:</em> We used a database of coordinated plant community surveys following mountain roads from 894 plots in 11 mountain regions across the globe in combination with an existing database of mycorrhizal-plant associations in order to approximate the relative abundance of mycorrhizal types in natural and disturbed environments.</p> <p><em>Results:</em> Our findings show that roadside disturbance promotes the cover of plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. This effect is especially strong in colder mountain environments and in mountain regions where plant communities are dominated by ectomycorrhizal (EcM) or ericoid-mycorrhizal (ErM) associations. Furthermore, non-native plant species, which we confirmed to be mostly AM plants, are more successful in environments dominated by AM associations.</p> <p><em>Main Conclusions:</em> These biogeographical patterns suggest that changes in mycorrhizal types could be a crucial factor in the worldwide impact of anthropogenic disturbances on mountain ecosystems. Indeed, roadsides foster AM-dominated systems, where AM-fungi might aid AM-associated plant species while potentially reducing the biotic resistance against invasive non-native species, often also associated with AM networks. Restoration efforts in mountain ecosystems will have to contend with changes in the fundamental make-up of EcM- and ErM plant communities induced by roadside disturbance.</p>
Data belonging to: Decreasing relatedness among mycorrhizal fungi in a shared plant network increases fungal network size but not plant benefit
<p>Dataset beloning to the publication: "Decreasing relatedness among mycorrhizal fungi in a shared plant network increases fungal network size but not plant benefit" in Ecology letters (2021). R script used to analyse the data in the .csv files</p>
Mycorrhizal colonization and root diameter of native and invasive plants of eastern North America
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization (total and arbuscules) were measured in roots of 10 species of eastern North American woody plants. Five were non-native invasive and 5 were native species. Roots were collected from ingrowth cores over three harvests during a single season, from a common garden. Diameter was estimated from published root density and specific root length values for each species.</p>
Interspecific differences in root foraging precision cannot be directly inferred from species' mycorrhizal status or fine root economics
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Nutrient acquisition in plants can be represented by a suite of intercorrelated root traits such as root diameter, nitrogen content, root tissue density, and specific root length. However, it is unclear how a plant's ability to precisely forage for nutrients in a heterogeneous soil environment (i.e., the precision of placing roots into nutrient-rich areas) relates to these traits. Mycorrhizal symbiosis also affects the relationship between the fine root traits and root foraging precision because fungal hyphae may be used for foraging instead of roots. Hypotheses matching high root foraging precision with low mycorrhizal colonization or "fast" acquisitive strategies of plants have been raised based either on data from tree species or a limited number of herbaceous species. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>To test these hypotheses, we compiled data quantifying the experimentally measured degree to which root biomass responded to patchy substrate nutrient concentrations (i.e., root foraging precision) for 123 herbaceous grassland species using a partial meta-analysis. We tested root foraging precision relationship with root traits involved in nutrient acquisition and mycorrhizal symbiosis (root diameter, specific root length, root tissue density, root tissue nitrogen content, and mycorrhizal colonization). The root foraging precision data came from four different pot experiments, and the trait data were extracted from publicly available trait databases. We used a phylogenetically informed approach in order to detect the degree of conservation of the relationships. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We found that root foraging precision was not significantly correlated with other fine root traits and mycorrhizal colonization. Thus, it appears unrelated to the main dimensions of the nutrient acquisition space of herbaceous species, namely acquisitive-conservative strategy and outsourcing of acquisition to the fungi. Also, we found only a very weak phylogenetic signal in root foraging precision of 123 species. Our results suggest that root foraging precision constitutes another distinct, evolutionarily independent dimension in herbaceous species' trait space.</span></p>
Plant-root pathogenic fungal and plant-mycorrhizal fungal association networks in a subtropical forest
<p><span>Although rhizosphere fungi are essential for plant survival and ecosystem functioning, little is known about the processes that structure plant–fungal association networks. In this study, we constructed association networks between 43 plant species and two groups of root-associated fungi (mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi; MF and PF, respectively) in a diverse subtropical forest. We then evaluated the modularity of plant–MF and plant–PF networks and linked them to the functional traits and phylogenies of both plants and fungi. We observed strong modularity in both plant–MF and plant–PF networks. Phylogenetically related fungi tended to emerge in the same modules. MF from distinct modules associated with plants with different specific root length and specific root area in plant–MF networks. PF from distinct modules associated with plants with different dark respiration rate and light compensation point in plant–PF networks. Plant affiliation to modules was explained by both plant traits and phylogeny </span><span>(22% for plant–MF and 37% for plant–PF networks). In contrast</span><span>, fungal affiliation to modules was explained by fungal phylogeny (</span><span>16% </span><span>for plant–MF and </span><span>29% </span><span>for plant–PF networks). Our results elucidate the link between modularity in plant–root fungal networks and the functional traits and phylogeny of the plants and fungi. Our study highlights the importance of traits and phylogeny in governing root fungal community assembly from network perspective.</span></p>
Data for: Spatial structure within root systems moderates stability of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal mutualism and plant-soil feedbacks
<p>The persistence of mutualisms is paradoxical, as there are fitness incentives for exploitation. This is particularly true for plant-microbe mutualisms like arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), which are promiscuously horizontally-transmitted. Preferential allocation by hosts to the best mutualist can stabilize horizontal mutualisms, however, preferential allocation is imperfect, with its fidelity likely depending upon the spatial structure of symbionts in plant roots. In this study, we tested AM mutualisms' dependence on two dimensions of spatial structure: the initial spatial association of fungi and the ease of fungal dispersal, through three complementary experiments. We found that fitness of the beneficial AM fungus increased when fungi were initially separate, while initial spatial mixing benefited the fitness of the non-beneficial fungus. These effects were strongest when dispersal was limited, and hosts could discriminate. Additionally, we found that changes in AM fungal proportional abundance induced by spatial structure in roots of a preferentially allocating host produced positive feedbacks on plant growth, showing that interactions between spatial structure and host choice can determine the direction of plant-soil feedbacks. Our results suggest that symbiont spatial structure within plant roots may act as an important modifier of plant preferential allocation and the dynamics of mycorrhizal mutualisms, with potentially cascading effects on plant-plant interactions.</p>
Long-term nitrogen fertilization alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community phylogenetic structure in plant roots across fine spatial scales
<p><span>Purpose:</span><span> Nitrogen deposition due to human activities is known to have a substantial impact on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community in plant roots. However, the influence of elevated nitrogen on the phylogenetic structure of AMF across fine spatial scales, as well as the mechanisms behind such alterations, are remained poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> Nitrogen addition significantly increased the phylogenetic alpha diversity (diversity within a plot) and the 'within-treatment' phylogenetic beta diversity (dissimilarity among replicate plots) of AMF communities, which resulted in an increased 'within-treatment' phylogenetic gamma diversity (overall diversity among all the replicate plots within a treatment). These changes were caused by the relative abundance decline of a dominant genus (</span><span>Glomus</span><span>) and an increase in non-dominant genera. Mechanically, nitrogen addition affected phylogenetic alpha diversity mainly by influencing soil properties. Likewise, the increased 'within-treatment' dissimilarity of plant community composition and changes in soil properties caused by nitrogen addition and plot distance contributed to an increase in within-treatment phylogenetic beta diversity. </span></p> <p><span>Conclusions:</span><span> We conclude that deterministic environmental filtering (both abiotic and biotic) and dispersal limitation effect played critical roles in AMF community assembly under global change scenarios. Insightfully, this study provides a mechanistic understanding of the response of AMF to nitrogen addition across fine scales.</span></p>
Correlation between fine root traits and pathogen richness depends on plant mycorrhizal types
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>Root uptake strategies are associated with the strength of negative plant</span><span>–</span><span>soil feedback induced (PSF) induced by soil pathogens. Given the intensified effect of pathogen richness in fine roots on the strength of negative PSF through the synergistic effects of multiple pathogens, researchers have proposed a trade-off between nutrient acquisition and pathogen defence in roots. However, empirical evidence is lacking. In addition, because the interaction between pathogens and fine roots depends on the mycorrhizal types of tree species, both fine root traits and mycorrhizal types should be incorporated to reveal covariation in pathogen richness and the strength of negative PSF. In this study, we selected 50 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species and 7 ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species in a subtropical forest to investigate the relationships between fine root traits and pathogen richness in fine roots and determined whether their relationships depended on plant mycorrhizal types. Our results showed that pathogen richness was negatively correlated with fine root diameter but was positively correlated with specific root length for the AM-associated species, while for the ECM-associated species, the pathogen richness was only found to have a significant negative relationship with the relative abundance of ECM fungi. These findings highlight the difference between AM- and ECM-associated species in pathogen defence and bridge the gap between root traits and pathogen richness, which is significant for improving our understanding of the potential factors mediating the strength of PSF and thus maintaining tree species diversity.</span></span></p>
Percentage distribution of plant-fixed carbon in orchid shoots and roots, protocorms, and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium and amount (total and concentration) of carbon transferred to protocorms and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium by green orchids in each experimental microcosm
<p> The minute 'dust seeds' of some terrestrial orchids preferentially germinate and develop as mycoheterotrophic protocorms near conspecific adult plants. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that mycorrhizal mycelial connections provide a direct pathway for transfer of recent photosynthate from conspecific green orchids to achlorophyllous protocorms. Mycelial networks of <em>Ceratobasidium cornigerum </em>connecting green <em>Dactylorhiza fuchsii</em> plants with developing achlorophyllous protocorms of the same species were established on oatmeal or water agar before the shoots of green plants were exposed to <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>. After incubation for 48 hours, the pattern of distribution of fixed carbon was visualised in intact entire autotrophic/protocorm systems using digital autoradiography and quantified in protocorms by liquid scintillation counting. The data presented here represent the percentage distribution of the <sup>14</sup>C fixed by the orchids in our experimental systems to plant shoots, roots, protocorms and the mycorrhizal mycelium. We also show the total amount of <sup>14</sup>C present in plant shoots and protocorms when grown in each of the three media tested (100% water agar, 100% oatmeal agar, and 50:50 water: oatmeal agar). We also show the amount of carbon (total and concentration) transferred from green orchids to protocorms and mycorrhizal mycelium in each microcosm across the three media treatments.</p>
Data from: Mycorrhizal-herbivore interactions and the competitive release of subdominant tallgrass prairie species
<p>Plant-microbial-herbivore interactions play a crucial role in the structuring and maintenance of plant communities and biodiversity, yet these relationships are complex. In grassland ecosystems, herbivores have the potential to greatly influence the survival, growth, and reproduction of plants. However, few studies examine interactions of above- and belowground grazing and AM mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant community structure. We established experimental mesocosms containing an assemblage of eight tallgrass prairie grass and forb species in native prairie soil, maintained under mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal conditions, with and without native herbivorous soil nematodes, and with and without grasshopper herbivory. Using factorial analysis of variance and principal component analysis, we examined: a) the independent and interacting effects of above- and belowground herbivores on AM symbiosis in tallgrass prairie mesocosms, b) independent and interacting effects of above- and belowground herbivores and mycorrhizal fungi on plant community structure, and c) potential influences of mycorrhizal responsiveness of host plants on herbivory tolerance, and concomitant shifts in plant community composition. Treatment effects were characterized by interactions between AM fungi and both aboveground and belowground herbivores, while herbivore effects were additive. The dominance of mycorrhizal-dependent C<sub>4</sub> grasses in the presence of AMF symbiosis was increased (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory but reduced (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by nematode herbivory. Cool-season C<sub>3</sub> grasses exhibited a competitive release in the absence of AMF symbiosis but this effect was largely reversed in the presence of grasshopper herbivory. Forbs showed species-specific responses to both AM fungal inoculation and the addition of herbivores. Biomass of the grazing-avoidant, facultatively mycotrophic forb <em>Brickellia eupatorioides</em> increased (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) in the absence of AMF symbiosis and with grasshopper herbivory, while AMF-related increases in the aboveground biomass of mycorrhizal-dependent forbs <em>Rudbeckia hirta</em> and <em>Salvia azurea</em> were eradicated (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory. In contrast, nematode herbivory enhanced (<em>p</em> = 0.001) the contribution of <em>Salvia azurea</em> to total biomass.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>: Our research indicates that AM symbiosis is the key driver of the dominance of C<sub>4</sub> grasses in the tallgrass prairie, with foliar and root herbivory being two mechanisms for the maintenance of plant diversity.</p>
Data from: Experimental evidence that phosphorus fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can reduce the carbon cost of phosphorus uptake
<p>Data from "Experimental evidence that phosphorus fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can reduce the carbon cost of phosphorus uptake". Functional Ecology</p>
Metabolic fingerprints for suboptimal mycorrhizal colonization in wild-type and the jasmonic acid deficient spr2 tomato mutant
<p>Raw data for metabolic fingerprinting of tomato roots by DLI-ESI-MS and GC-MS to examine the effect of mycorrhizal colonization on the global metabolic profile of WT and <em>spr2</em> mutant plants.</p>
Gene expression for suboptimal mycorrhizal colonization in wild-type and jasmonic acid deficient spr2 tomato mutants
<pre>Data were obtained from mycorrhizhal colonized roots of wild-type and and spr2 mutants tomato plants, at 32 and 45 days after mycorrhizhal inoculation. Amplifications were performed using SYBR Green detection chemistry and run in triplicate in 96-well reaction plates with the CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The data was analyzed by the delta delta ct method. </pre>
Lotus2 on Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Galaxy Training Network - Sample files for creating Mapping TSV
<p>Sample files for the last step on creating a Mapping TSV in the Galaxy Training Network tutorial on "Identifying Mycorrhizal Fungi from ITS2 sequencing using LotuS2"</p>
Stress amelioration response of glycine betaine and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sorghum under Cr toxicity
<p>In search of the solution to Cr toxicity a two-year pot experiment (completely randomized design with three replications), in three genetically different varieties of sorghum (SSG 59-3, HJ 513 and HJ 541) under Cr toxicity (2 and 4 ppm) was conducted to determine the effect of glycine betaine (50 and 100mM) and <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</i> (AMF) on the antioxidant system (enzymes <i>viz.</i> superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase and metabolites <i>viz.</i> glutathione, ascorbate, proline, β-carotene) along with Cr accumulation and indices of oxidative stress parameters (polyphenol oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) at two growth stages (vegetative and grain filling). According to results; Cr stress (2 & 4 ppm) increased its accumulation and indices of oxidative stresses significantly (<i>p≤0.05</i>) in all varieties of sorghum at both growth stages. However, soil application of glycine betaine (GB) and AMF decreased Cr accumulation and indices of oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes and metabolites activities at both growth stages in all varieties. The combination of 100mM GB with AMF was observed most significant (<i>p≤0.05</i>) in decreasing oxidative stress and improved the antioxidant system's activities. The SSG 59-3 cultivar showed the lowest Cr accumulation indices of oxidative stress and highest antioxidant system's activity among these three cultivars at both growth stages. Thus, SSG 59-3 was found most tolerant cultivars followed by HJ 513 and then HJ 541. These findings suggest that both GB and AMF, either individually or combined can play a positive role to reduce oxidative stress and increased antioxidant attributes under Cr toxicity in sorghum.</p>
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