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opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Topsoil removal through scarification improves natural regeneration in high-graded Nothofagus old-growth forests

1.High grading by removing the majority of trees with superior timber quality has led to loss of productivity and biodiversity in forests. Typically, after high grading, little attention is given to tree regeneration. Thus, undesirable understory vegetation often dominates for a long time, leading to stagnation in forest recovery and so-called arrested succession. In such settings, managing understory vegetation using topsoil removal through scarification has been proposed as a restoration tool to encourage tree regeneration. 2.We investigated the effectiveness of topsoil removal as a restoration technique in high-graded Nothofagus old-growth forests in the Chilean Andes. In these forests, high grading often leads to understories being dominated by dense thickets of native bamboo, Chusquea culeou. These understory conditions typically delay succession by preventing tree regeneration. 3.T-tests were used to compare vegetation development in areas with topsoil removal against those without. Non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was used to investigate which environmental variables were mainly related to regeneration of different plant groups (short and long-lived early and late-seral tree species) and C. culeou abundance in areas with and without topsoil removal. 4.Topsoil removal improved the regeneration of early-seral tree species and constrained C. culeou. In areas without topsoil scarification, higher abundances of C. culeou were reflected in a higher transmitted radiation and litter cover. In these areas, the presence of early-seral tree species was related to higher soil water content and transmitted radiation. However, topsoil removal altered these response patterns for early-seral trees. For instance, the interaction between higher soil water content and more exposed mineral soil was reflected in a higher likelihood of finding early-seral tree seedlings. 5.Synthesis and applications. Topsoil removal was a successful restoration tool for overcoming arrested succession in Nothofagus old-growth forests in the Chilean Andes by encouraging the regeneration of early-seral trees in high-graded forests. Contrasting environmental conditions of pre- and post-topsoil removal allowed insights into the processes and mechanisms responsible for forests with arrested succession and for succession progression. This understanding provides guidance regarding the range of conditions under which topsoil removal can be used as a successful restoration practice.

opennotspecifiedDec 2007View details →

FIGURE 1 in Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a–c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2–2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e–h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face).

Fig. 2 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 2. (A) Phellopsis obcordata, dorsal habitus. (B) Fomitopsis ochracea, newly recorded host. (C) Records of P. obcordata and Fomitopsis spp. within Great Smoky Mountains National Park with historic land uses. Outlined areas on the map indicate areas searched during this study in 2019 and 2021. All records outside and some records inside of the areas searched are from iNaturalist and previous literature.

Fig. 1 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 1. Map of the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States, showing collecting areas within National Forests and Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). Inset shows the region within the United States.

Fig. 5 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 5. Probability of occurrence within Great Smoky Mountains National Park of (A) Phellopsis obcordata based on distance from the nearest undisturbed forest (0 indicates inside undisturbed areas), and (B) Megalodacne heros based on elevation.

Fig. 4 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 4. Boxplots of (A) elevation, (B) tree diameter, and (C) basal area among sampled historic disturbance classes in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Fig. 3 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 3. (A) Megalodacne heros, dorsal habitus. (B) Ganoderma tsugae. (C) Records of M. heros and host Ganoderma spp. within Great Smoky Mountains National Park with historic land uses. Outlined areas on the map indicate areas searched during this study in 2019 and 2021.All records outside and some records inside of the areas searched are from iNaturalist.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Beech buffers: microclimate regulation in temperate old-growth forests, surroundings and forest edge

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opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Dataset to paper "The effects of solar radiation on daily and seasonal stem increment of canopy trees in European temperate old-growth forests."

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opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Annual mortality and growth index for 17 tree species across entire size classes in the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest, central Japan

We estimated demographic parameters across entire size classes for 17 tree species (Betula, Carpinus, Fagus, Quercus, Castanea, Acer, Cerasus, Swida, Kalopanax, and Styrax) using a dataset over 18 years obtained from the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest located in the southern part of the Abukuma Mountains, Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan (36° 56', 140° 35', 610 m in elevation) 1). Size classes were represented by 12 categories defined based on age, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH): new seedling (age < 1), aged seedling (age ≥ 1 and height < 30 cm), sapling (height 30 cm to 2 m), juvenile (height ≥ 2 m and DBH < 5 cm), D10 (DBH 5–15 cm, D10 was denoted by the midpoint of this range; later classes were similarly defined), D20, D30, D40, D50, D60, D70, and D80 (including trees with DBH ≥ 85 cm). We derived the annual mortality and growth index (i.e., the probability of a living tree transitioning to the next size class) for each species and size class using estimates of transition probabilities between size classes (i.e., stasis, progression and retrogression)2). The stem densities of these 17 species in each size class are also presented3). File list 1) dataset - number of trees stagnating, progressing and retrogressing by size class.csv 2) estimates - mean and 95 percent credible intervals of demographic parameters by species and size class.csv 3) estimates - mean density of stems by species and size class.csv

opennotspecifiedJul 2013View details →

Figure 1 in Composition and habitat use of small mammals in old-growth mountain forests

Figure 1. Location of the study area in the Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park (in dark grey) and its peripheral area (in light grey), indicating the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinates. White squares, Abies alba plots; black squares, Pinus uncinata plots. Contour lines represent different altitude levels. Darker areas within the National Park boundaries correspond to lakes.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest

1. Invasion by generalist tree species can cause biotic homogenization and such community impoverishment is likely more important in rare forest types. We quantified changes in tree diversity within Carolinian (range in Central Hardwoods), northern (range reached Northern hardwood-conifer/Boreal-spruce-fir) and central species (range in Central Hardwood region and Northern hardwood-conifer) in an old forest in southern Canada at points surveyed 24 years apart. 2. We asked: How did mature tree and sapling composition and abundance change for the 3 species' groups? Did those changes lead to biotic homogenization? Can species' changes be explained by community traits? We tested for differences in temporal and spatial tree β-diversity, as well as forest composition and structure, using univariate/multivariate analyses and a community trait-based approach to identify drivers-of-change. 3. Major increases occurred in abundance for mature Acer rubrum (northern), while others decreased (Fraxinus americana, Populus grandidentata); declines were found in A. saccharinum (central) and Cornus florida (Carolinian). Species composition of saplings, but not mature trees, changed due to replacement; no evidence for biotic homogenization existed in either cohort. As a group, northern mature tree species increased significantly, while central species declined; saplings of Carolinian species declined. 4. Shade-tolerance in mature trees increased, reflecting successional changes, while drought-tolerance decreased perhaps due to changing temperatures, altered precipitation or ground water levels. Saplings showed declines in all traits, probably because of compositional change. 5. Our results demonstrated that saplings can more closely reflect change in forest dynamics than mature trees, especially over short time periods. Based on sapling trends, this remnant could ultimately transition to a mesophytic hardwood stand dominated by A. rubrum and other shade-tolerant species, creating a more homogeneous forest. 6. While encouraging regeneration for Carolinian and central tree species could ensure high levels of diversity are conserved in the future, it is important that this is balanced with the primary management goal of maintaining the older-growth characteristics of the forest.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Nonlinear responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to nitrogen deposition in an old-growth boreal forest

Nitrogen (N) deposition is known to increase carbon (C) sequestration in N-limited boreal forests. However, the long-term effects of N deposition on ecosystem carbon fluxes have been rarely investigated in old-growth boreal forests. Here we show that decade-long experimental N additions significantly stimulated net primary production (NPP) but the effect decreased with increasing N loads. The effect on soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) shifted from a stimulation at low-level N additions to an inhibition at higher levels of N additions. Consequently, low-level N additions resulted in a neutral effect on net ecosystem productivity (NEP), due to a comparable stimulating effect on NPP and Rh, while NEP was increased by high-level N additions. Moreover, we found nonlinear temporal responses of NPP, Rh and NEP to low-level N additions. Our findings imply that actual N deposition in boreal forests likely exerts a minor contribution to their soil C storage.

Fig. 4 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 4. Boxplots of (A) elevatioc, (B) tree diameter, acd (C) basal area amocg sampled historic distkrbacce classes ic Great Smoky Mokctaics Natiocal Park.

Fig. 1 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 1. Map of the soktherc Appalachiac Mokctaics ic the soktheasterc Ucited States, showicg collecticg areas withic Natiocal Forests acd Great Smoky Mokctaics Natiocal Park (GSMNP). Icset shows the regioc withic the Ucited States.

Fig. 2 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 2. (A) Phellopsis obcordata, dorsal habitks. (B) Fomitopsis ochracea, cewly recorded host. (C) Records of P. obcordata acd Fomitopsis spp. withic Great Smoky Mokctaics Natiocal Park with historic lacd kses. Oktliced areas oc the map icdicate areas searched dkricg this stkdy ic 2019 acd 2021. All records oktside acd some records icside of the areas searched are from iNatkralist acd previoks literatkre.

Fig. 5 in Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Fig. 5. Probability of occkrrecce withic Great Smoky Mokctaics Natiocal Park of (A) Phellopsis obcordata based oc distacce from the cearest kcdistkrbed forest (0 icdicates icside kcdistkrbed areas), acd (B) Megalodacne heros based oc elevatioc.