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Fig. 8 in Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, And Systematics Of Ichthyornis And Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)

Fig. 8. Total ulnar length (in millimeters) compared for the only complete YPM Ichthyornis dispar ulnae (YPM 1450, YPM 1453, YPM 1740).

Fig. 10 in Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, And Systematics Of Ichthyornis And Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)

Fig. 10. The (A) Ichthyornis anceps (YPM 1208) and (B) Ichthyornis agilis (YPM 1209) holotype specimens in dorsal (right) and ventral (left) views. YPM 1208 and YPM 1209 are partial distal and proximal carpometacarpi, respectively.

Fig. 4 in Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, And Systematics Of Ichthyornis And Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)

Fig. 4. Apomorphies of Ichthyornis dispar. Numbers 1–9 correspond to the characters used in the diagnosis and are indicated for the following specimens: (1) YPM 1775, left quadrate, anterior view; (2) YPM 1733, a posterior cervical vertebrae, posteroventral view; (3) YPM 1732 caudal vertebrae, dorsal view; (4) YPM 1718, right scapula, dorsal view; (5) YPM 1450, left humerus, posterior view;

Fig. 5 in Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, And Systematics Of Ichthyornis And Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)

Fig. 5. Distal humeral dimensions (in millimeters) of four uncrushed YPM Ichthyornis dispar specimens (YPM 1450, YPM 1464, YPM 1738, YPM 9685).

Fig. 6 in Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, And Systematics Of Ichthyornis And Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)

Fig. 6. Size and stratigraphic position of individuals referred to Ichthyornis dispar interpreted as anagenetic change. Data points represent total humerus length of the indicated specimen(s) in millimeters. The relative size of specimens without data points, those lacking complete humeri, was estimated (i.e., YPM 1738, 1765, SMM 2139, USNM 22820, TMM 42522–1, and Cenomanian specimens, SMNH P2077.67, SMNH P2077.111, SMNH P2077.112, SMNH P2487.5). Shaded regions indicate size variation for each time period interpreted as anagenetic change in a single lineage.

FIG. 12 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 12. Maximum-likelihood reconstruction of geographic range evolution for the erethizontid crown clade. See table 1 (footnote) for range descriptors and table 8 for divergence-date estimates.

FIG. 10 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 10. Coendou prehensilis with erected cranial quills. The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of this species provide increased surface area for quill deployment, and their convex margins allow erected quills to point anteriorly and laterally to protect adjacent soft tissues. Photographed at the Frankfurt Zoo in 2008 (courtesy of Marek Polster).

FIG. 9 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 9. Maximum-likelihood reconstructions of ancestral phenotypes for three morphological characters of Recent erethizontids. Branch tips representing species of Coendou are labeled with corresponding epithets only. See text for character definitions and scoring criteria and table 8 for divergence-date estimates. Pie diagrams at internal nodes represent estimated probabilities of alternative states.

FIG. 8 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 8. Lateral cranial views: A, Coendou prehensilis (AMNH 134064); B, C. melanurus (AMNH 266565). The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of C. prehensilis (type species of the genus Coendou) result in a strongly convex dorsal profile by contrast with the flat dorsal profile of C. melanurus (referred to Sphiggurus by some authors; see text). Both skulls are life size (×1).

FIG. 7 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 7. Coendou rufescens (FMNH 88524), previously referred to Echinoprocta by many authors. This is a shorttailed species that (like C. prehensilis) appears completely spiny because the quills conceal its short, sparse fur.

FIG. 6 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 6. Coendou melanurus (AMNH 266565), referred to Sphiggurus by Husson (1978) and other authors. This is a long-tailed species in which the quills are concealed beneath long, dense fur.

FIG. 5 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 5. Coendou prehensilis (INPA 2875), the type species of Coendou. This is a long-tailed species that appears completely spiny because the quills conceal its short, sparse fur.

FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny for 45 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny for 45 ingroup (erethizontid) terminals; outgroup taxa are not shown. Labeling conventions and nodal support statistics are the same as in figure 3. Capital letters (A, B, C) indicate unnamed clades discussed in the text.

FIG. 3 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 3. Strict consensus of 14 equally most-parsimonious trees for 29 unique erethizontid cytochrome-b haplotypes (only ingroup relationships are shown). Sequenced specimens of Coendou are identified by country of origin, next-largest political unit (state, department, or province), collection locality number (mapped in fig. 1), and an alphanumeric identifier (tissue, voucher, or GenBank accession number; see tables 2 and 3). Nodal support values are bootstrap percentages.

FIG. 1 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 1. Collection localities of sequenced specimens of Neotropical erethizontids (Chaetomys and Coendou). See gazetteer (appendix 1) for geographic coordinates and other information.

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FIG. 2 in Phylogenetic relationships and generic taxonomy of the tribe Paini (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Dicroglossinae), with diagnoses of two new genera

FIG. 2. — Result of neighbour-joining analysis of phylogenetic analysis of 19 species of the tribe Paini based on partial sequences of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes (Jiang et al. 2005). Black bars indicate presence of large sized horny spines: 1, presence of such spines; 2, two separated patches of spines on breast; 3, a single patch of spines covering breast and parts of belly. Grey bars indicate loss of horny spines on breast and belly of adult males.

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FIG. 1 in Phylogenetic relationships and generic taxonomy of the tribe Paini (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Dicroglossinae), with diagnoses of two new genera

FIG. 1. — Strict consensus of 16 trees (107 steps, CI 0.364, RI 0.653) based on 30 species of the tribe Paini and 31 morphological characters obtained by simple stepwise addition, followed by branch swapping using the TBR (trees bisection-reconnection) routine implemented in PAUP 4. Numbers of the stems below the horizontal lines on this tree are those used in Table 2 which presents the results of the heuristic analysis, whereas letters above some horizontal lines (A, B, B1, B2, C, C1, C2, C3) are those of the groups discussed in our taxonomic analysis and which are the basis for our recognition of taxa. Bremer indices were 1 for almost all numbered

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Fig. 15. A in Phylogenetic relationships based on morphological data and taxonomy of the genus Salvadora Baird & Girard, 1853 (Reptilia, Colubridae)

Fig. 15. A. Second pair of chinshields separated by one row of scales. B. Second pair of chinshields separated by two rows of scales.

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Fig. 16. A. Vertebral line normally separated from the parietal region. B in Phylogenetic relationships based on morphological data and taxonomy of the genus Salvadora Baird & Girard, 1853 (Reptilia, Colubridae)

Fig. 16. A. Vertebral line normally separated from the parietal region. B. Vertebral line reaching the parietal region.