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158 results for “plant size”
Data: fruit size of Indomalayan plants
<p>Community trait assembly, the formation of distributions of phenotypic characteristics across coexisting species, can occur via two main processes: the filtering of trait distributions in the regional pool and in situ phenotypic evolution in local communities. But the relative importance of these processes remains unclear, largely because of the difficulty in determining the timing of evolutionary trait changes and biogeographic dispersal events in phylogenies. We assessed evolutionary and biogeographic transitions in woody plant species across the Indo-Malay Archipelago, a series of island groups where the same plant lineages interact with different seed disperser and seed predator assemblages. Fruit size in 2650 taxa spanning the angiosperm tree-of-life tended to be smaller in the Sulawesi and Maluku island groups, where frugivores are less diverse and smaller-bodied, than in the regional source pool. While numerous plant lineages (not just small-fruited ones) reached the isolated islands, colonists tended to be the smaller-fruited members of each clade. Nearly all evolutionary transitions to smaller fruit size predated, often substantially, organismal dispersal to the islands. Our results suggest that filtering rather than within-island evolution largely determined the distribution of fruit sizes in these regions.</p>
FIGURE 4. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering and fruiting plant. B. Inflorescence. C. Flower, front view. D. Flower, side view. E in Morphological, genome-size and molecular analyses of Apostasia fogangica (Apostasioideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from China
FIGURE 4. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering and fruiting plant. B. Inflorescence. C. Flower, front view. D. Flower, side view. E. Stamen and style, showing the stigma with a cavity. F. Column, showing honey in the nectary. G. Anthers, back view. H. Fruits. I. Flowering and fruiting plant of A. shenzhenica.
FIGURE 3. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering plant. B. Flower, front view. C. Flower, side view. D. Sepal and petal. E in Morphological, genome-size and molecular analyses of Apostasia fogangica (Apostasioideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from China
FIGURE 3. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering plant. B. Flower, front view. C. Flower, side view. D. Sepal and petal. E. Column, stamen and style, front view. F. Column, stamen and style, back view. G. Column, stamen and style, side view.
Data from: Natural selection on gall size: variable contributions of individual host plants to population-wide patterns
Studies that provide estimates of the form and magnitude of selection on herbivore traits at the level of individual plants in natural populations represent a vital step in understanding the interaction of selection and gene flow among host-affiliated insect populations when individual plants equate to differing selective regimes. We analyzed phenotypic selection on the trait gall size for a host-specific gall former at both the individual host plant and population level (across host plants) in each of two years. Linear and nonlinear selection and the fitness function relating gall size to the probability of survivorship in the absence of natural enemies were estimated for each level and year. Selection imposed by the host plant was observed in 19 of the 22 subpopulations monitored. At the population level, linear and nonlinear selection were evident each year. However, population-level estimates masked the significant heterogeneity in the form and direction of selection evident among plants each year. Heterogeneity among gall-former subpopulations is emphasized by our findings that selection varied from directional to stabilizing among plants and the majority of selection gradients estimated for individual plants did not fall within the 95% CIs of the population-level estimates.
Data from: Within-species tradeoffs in plant-stimulated soil enzyme activity and growth, flowering and seed size
1. Soil microbial communities affect species demographic rates of plants. In turn, plants influence the composition and function of the soil microbiome, potentially resulting in beneficial feedbacks that alter their fitness and establishment. For example, differences in the ability to stimulate soil enzyme activity among plant lineages may affect plant growth and reproduction. 2. We used a common garden study to test differences in plant-stimulated soil enzyme activity between lineages of the same species across developmental stages. 3. Lineages employed different strategies whereby growth, days to flowering and seed size traded-off with plant-stimulated soil enzyme activity. Specifically, the smaller seeded lineage stimulated more enzyme activity at the early stage of development and flowered earlier while the larger seeded lineage sustained lower but consistent enzyme activity through development. 4. We suggest that these lineages, which are both successful invaders, employ distinct strategies (a colonizer and a competitor) and differ in their influence on soil microbial activity. Synthesis. The ability to influence the soil microbial community by plants may be an important trait that trades-off with other growth, flowering and seed size for promoting plant establishment, reproduction and invasion.
Data from: Exclusion of introduced deer increases size and seed production success in an island-endemic plant species
The presence of extra-local invaders, such as the southern California mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on Santa Catalina Island, may contribute to more selective and insidious effects within the unique ecosystems that have evolved in their absence. Studies at the species level may detect effects not noticed in broader, community level vegetation monitoring or help tease apart differences in the level of effect among the various ecological components of an invaded system. In this initial study, we measured the impacts of herbivory by mule deer, a species native to analogous habitats on the adjacent mainland, on size and seed production success for Crocanthemum greenei (island rush-rose), a federally listed sub-shrub that is not present on mainland California. We found deer exclusion resulted in an overall increase in stem measurement of 18.8 cm. Exclosure populations exhibited complete seed production success, whereas control populations showed significantly reduced success and exhibited complete failure within 58% of populations. These results show that the introduced mule deer on Santa Catalina Island are negatively affecting a federally threatened plant species. This strongly implies that the current deer management strategy is insufficient, if one of its goals is biodiversity and endemic species conservation.
The Darwinian shortfall in plants: phylogenetic knowledge is driven by range size
<p>The Darwinian shortfall, i.e., the lack of knowledge of phylogenetic relationships, significantly impedes our understanding of evolutionary drivers of global patterns of biodiversity. Spatial bias in the Darwinian shortfall, where phylogenetic knowledge in some regions is more complete than others, could undermine eco- and biogeographic inferences. Yet, spatial biases in phylogenetic knowledge for major groups – such as plants – remain poorly understood. Using data for 337,023 species (99.7%) of seed plants (Spermatophyta), we produced a global map of phylogenetic knowledge based on regional data and tested several potential drivers of the observed spatial variation. Regional phylogenetic knowledge was defined as the proportion of the regional seed plant flora represented in GenBank's nucleotide database with phylogenetically relevant data. We used simultaneous autoregressive models to explain variation in phylogenetic knowledge based on three biodiversity variables (species richness, range size and endemism) and six socioeconomic variables representing funding and accessibility. We compared observed patterns and relationships to established patterns of the Wallacean shortfall (the lack of knowledge of species distributions). We found that the Darwinian shortfall is strongly and significantly related to the macroecological distribution of species' range sizes. Small-ranged species were significantly less likely to have phylogenetic data, leading to a concentration of the Darwinian shortfall in species-rich, tropical countries where range sizes are small on average. Socioeconomic factors were less important, with significant but quantitatively small effects of accessibility and funding. In conclusion, reducing the Darwinian shortfall and smoothening its spatial bias will require increased efforts to sequence the world's small-ranged (endemic) species. </p>
FIGURE 12. Scanning electron micrographs for Rhopalimiris gagai n in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 12. Scanning electron micrographs for Rhopalimiris gagai n. sp., male (A) and female (B–O). A. Left lateral habitus. B–C. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. D. Antennomere IV. E. Posterior margin of pronotum and anterior scutellum. F. Metatarsus. G. Scent efferent system. H. Connexiva. I. Protarsus. J. Genital chamber. K. Ovipositor (gonapophysis) I. L–M. Posterior wall. N–O. Interramal lobe.
FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs for Rhopalimiris amplissimus n in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs for Rhopalimiris amplissimus n. sp. (A–L) and Miyamotoa rubicunda Yasunaga, 1990 (M–O). A. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. B–C. Posterior margin of pronotum and scutellum. D, M. Anterior body, left lateral view. E. Scent efferent system. F. Cuneus and membrane. G–H. Mesotibia. I. Ovipositor (gonapophysis) I. J, O. Posterior wall. K. Dorsal structure. L. Interramal lobe. N. Genital chamber.
FIGURE 10. Scanning electron micrographs for Eurystylus yixuanae n in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 10. Scanning electron micrographs for Eurystylus yixuanae n. sp., E. coelestialium (Kirkaldy, 1902), male (H, M) and female (N), E. sauteri (Poppius), male (I, O) and E. ryukyus (Yasunaga, Nakatani & Chérot), male (K–L). A, J. Anterior body, left lateral view. B. Anterior forewing, left lateral view. C. Scent efferent system. D, M. Genital segment, left lateral view. E. Matatarsus. F. Pretarsal structure of mesoleg. G. Protarsus. H–I, Metatarsus. K–L, N–O. Field of eye-black micro-setae along inner margin of eye on frons.
FIGURE 9 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 9. Scanning electron micrographs for female (A–L) and male (M–O) of Eocalocoris gotohi n. sp. (A–F), Eo. hirashimai Miyamoto & Yasunaga (G–I) and Eo. albicerus Yasunaga & Takai (J–O). A, B, L. Genital chamber, dorsal view. C. Sclerotized rings. D, G, J. Posterior wall. F, I, K. Interramal lobe. E. Interramal sclerite. H. Dorsal structure. M. Left paramere. N. Apical part of vesica. O. Secondary gonopore.
FIGURE 8 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 8. Scanning electron micrographs for female of Eocalocoris gotohi n. sp. (A–H) and Eo. hirashimai Miyamoto & Yasunaga (I–O). A, I. Anterior body, dorsal view. B, L. Left lateral habitus. C, J. Head and anterior pronotum. D, K. Scutellum and corium. E, M. thoracic pleura, left lateral view. F, N. Cuneus and membrane. G. Protarsus. H. Pretarsal structure of proleg. I. Mesotarsus.
FIGURE 7 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 7. Male (A–C) and female (D–F) genitalia of Taiwanocapsus luteocordatus n. sp. A. Left paramere. B. Right paramere. C. Vesica. D. Posterior wall. E. Ovipositor (gonapophysis) I. F. Genital chamber, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 6 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 6. Male (A–C) and female (D–G) genitalia of Rhopalimiris gagai n. sp. A. Left paramere. B. Right paramere. C. Vesica. D. Posterior wall. E. Ovipositor (gonapophysis) I. F. Genital chamber, dorsal view. G. Sclerotized rings and adjacent structures. Scale bars 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 4 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 4. Female genitalia and egg (I–J) of Eocalocoris gotohi n. sp. (A–D), Eo. hirashimai Miyamoto & Yasunaga (E–F) and Rhopalimiris amplissimus n. sp. (G–J). A, B, E. Genital chamber. C, F, H. Ovipositor (gonapophysis) I. D. Posterior wall. G. Sclerotized rings and adjacent structures. Scale bars 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 1 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 1. Habitus images of live individuals of mirine plant bugs known from Taiwan. A–B. Eurystylus yixuanae n. sp., female (courtesy of Y.X. Hsieh). C. E. sauteri (Poppius), female. D. Same, head. E. E. ryukyus (Yasunaga, Nakatani & Chérot), male. F. Rhopalimiris gagai n. sp., male (courtesy of I. S. Lin).
FIGURE 5 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 5. Male (A–C) and female (D–H) genitalia of Eurystylus yixuanae n. sp. A. Left paramere. B. Right paramere. C. Vesica. D. Genital chamber, dorsal view. E. Same, ventral view. F. Sclerotized rings and adjacent structures. G. Ovipositor (gonapophysis) I. H. Posterior wall. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: FL, fourth lobal sclerite; ML, median lobal sclerite; TL, third lobal sclerite (sensu Yasunaga et al. 2017).
FIGURE 3 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 3. Habitus images of dry-preserved specimens of Taiwanese mirine plant bugs. A. Rhopalimiris amplissimus n. sp., female, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C. R. gagai n. sp., male. D. Same, female. E. Taiwanocapsus luteocordatus n. sp., male. F. Same, ventral view. G. Same, female. H. Same, ventral view.
FIGURE 2 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 2. Habitus images of dry-preserved specimens of mirine plant bugs. A. Eocalocoris gotohi n. sp., female, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Eo. hirashimai Miyamoto & Yasunaga, male (from Kyushu, Japan). D. Eo. albicerus Yasunaga & Takai, male (from Shikoku, Japan). E. Eurystylus yixuanae n. sp., holotype male. F. Same, left lateral view.
FIGURE 14 in New genera and new species of remarkably large-sized or uniquely-shaped mirine plant bugs from Taiwan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
FIGURE 14. Scanning electron micrographs of female genitalia for Eurystylus yixuanae n. sp. (A–D), E. coelestialium (Kirkaldy, 1902) (E–G) and Taiwanocapsus luteocordatus n. sp. A, E, H. Genital chamber, dorsal view. B, F, J–K. Posterior wall. C, G, L. Interramal lobe. D, I. Ovipositor (gonapophysis) I.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.