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268 results for “polyploid”
Data from: Ecological differentiation, lack of hybrids involving diploids, and asymmetric gene flow between polyploids in narrow contact zones of Senecio carniolicus (syn. Jacobaea carniolica, Asteraceae)
Areas of immediate contact of different cytotypes offer a unique opportunity to study evolutionary dynamics within heteroploid species and to assess isolation mechanisms governing coexistence of cytotypes of different ploidy. The degree of reproductive isolation of cytotypes, i.e., the frequency of heteroploid crosses and subsequent formation of viable and (partly) fertile hybrids, plays a crucial role for the long-term integrity of lineages in contact zones. Here, we assessed fine-scale distribution, spatial clustering and ecological niches as well as patterns of gene-flow in parental and hybrid cytotypes in zones of immediate contact of di-, tetra- and hexaploid Senecio carniolicus (Asteraceae) in the Eastern Alps. Cytotypes were spatially separated also at the investigated micro-scale; the strongest spatial separation was observed for the fully interfertile tetra- and hexaploids. The three main cytotypes showed highly significant niche differences, which were, however, weaker than across their entire distribution ranges in the Eastern Alps. Individuals with intermediate ploidy levels were found neither in the diploid/tetraploid nor in the diploid/hexaploid contact zones indicating strong reproductive barriers. In contrast, pentaploid individuals were frequent in the tetraploid/hexaploid contact zone, albeit limited to a narrow strip in the immediate contact zone of their parental cytotypes. AFLP fingerprinting data revealed introgressive gene flow mediated by pentaploid hybrids from tetra- to hexaploid individuals, but not vice versa. The ecological niche of pentaploids differed significantly from that of tetraploids but not from hexaploids.
Polyploidization contributes to evolution of competitive ability: a long term common garden study on the invasive Solidago canadensis in China
<p>Plant invasion initiates with the establishment of an alien species population that begins interacting with the existing community in the invaded habitat. Competitive ability may confer advantage to invasive species during establishment. Autopolyploidy has been shown to significantly contribute to successful invasion of China by Solidago canadensis that is native to North America. But how polyploidization improves competitive ability and determines the dominance of invasive species when competing with a plant community in the introduced range remains unclear. Here, we manipulated the initial plant composition of plowed land and subsequently allowed natural colonization by S. canadensis in a five-year common garden experiment. Diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid populations collected in North America (native range) and East Asia (introduced range) were separately planted and allowed to compete with associated weeds in individual plots. The diversity and compositional variation of the plant communities and the growth characteristics of S. canadensis were investigated in summer and autumn each year. Based on how the community assembled, three outcomes were found: 1) S. canadensis outcompeted local vegetation: tetraploids and hexaploids from the introduced range outcompeted associated weeds and were dominant at equilibrium; 2) S. canadensis coexisted with local vegetation: hexaploids from the native range were competitive but ultimately could not outcompete the local vegetation; and 3) S. canadensis became extinct: diploids from both the native and introduced ranges and tetraploids from the native range went extinct. Concomitantly, diversity was low in the first group and high in the second and third. Therefore, polyploidization contributes to the pre differentiation of competitive ability among native S. canadensis populations, facilitatating the invasion of China by this species. The competitive ability of polyploids was enhanced through possible rapid post introduction evolution after their introduction into China, which could be the crucial factor for successful invasion by S. canadensis.</p>
Data from: Inferring species networks from gene trees in high-polyploid North American and Hawaiian violets (Viola, Violaceae)
The phylogenies of allopolyploids take the shape of networks and cannot be adequately represented as bifurcating trees. Especially for high-polyploids (i.e., organisms with more than six sets of nuclear chromosomes), the signatures of gene homoeolog loss, deep coalescence and polyploidy may become confounded, with the result that gene trees may be congruent with more than one species network. Herein, we obtained the most parsimonious species network by objective comparison of competing scenarios involving polyploidization and homoeolog loss in a high-polyploid lineage of violets (Viola, Violaceae) mostly or entirely restricted to North America, Central America, or Hawaii. We amplified homoeologs of the low-copy nuclear gene GPI by single-molecule PCR and the chloroplast trnL-F region by conventional PCR for 51 species and subspecies. Topological incongruence among GPI homoeolog subclades, owing to deep coalescence and two instances of putative loss (or lack of detection) of homoeologs, were reconciled by applying the maximum tree topology for each subclade. The most parsimonious species network and the fossil-based calibration of the homoeolog tree favored monophyly of the high-polyploids, which has resulted from allodecaploidization 9–14 Ma ago, involving sympatric ancestors from the extant Viola sections Chamaemelanium (diploid), Plagiostigma (paleotetraploid), and Viola (paleotetraploid). While two of the high-polyploid lineages (Boreali-Americanae, Pedatae) remained decaploid, recurrent polyploidization with tetraploids of section Plagiostigma within the last 5 Ma has resulted in two 14-ploid lineages (Mexicanae, Nosphinium) and one 18-ploid lineage (Langsdorffianae). This implies a more complex phylogenetic and biogeographic origin of the Hawaiian violets (Nosphinium) than that previously inferred from rDNA data and illustrates the necessity of considering polyploidy in phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstruction.
Data from: Invasion success in polyploids: the role of inbreeding in the contrasting colonization abilities of diploid versus tetraploid populations of Centaurea stoebe s.l
As a consequence of founder effects, inbreeding can hamper colonization success: First, in species with self-incompatibility controlled by an S-locus, inbreeding may decrease cross-compatibility, mainly due to the sharing of identical S-alleles between closely related mating partners. Secondly, inbreeding can reduce fitness of inbred relative to outbred offspring (i.e. inbreeding depression). Polyploids often show reduced inbreeding depression compared to diploids, which may contribute to the overrepresentation of polyploids among invasive species. This is the first study that tests how the effects of inbreeding differ between geocytotypes (i.e. ploidy levels within a given range). Our model organism, Centaurea stoebe, is strictly self-incompatible and comprises three geocytotypes: diploids are more frequent than tetraploids in the native range, while only tetraploids occur in the invasive range. We conducted a breeding experiment (sib-mating vs. outcrossing) with 14 native diploid, 13 native tetraploid and 15 invasive tetraploid populations. We recorded cross-compatibility and estimated a cumulative index for offspring fitness. Since frequent inbreeding can result in purging of genetic load responsible for inbreeding depression, our analyses included a metric for within-population relatedness, based on eight microsatellite markers, to assess the effect of purging. Inbreeding was found to reduce cross-compatibility, which was similarly pronounced in diploids and tetraploids. It also caused inbreeding depression in cumulative fitness, which was significant in diploids but not in tetraploids. No evidence of purging was observed as inbred fitness was not affected by within-population relatedness. Synthesis. Our results provide new insights into the contrasting invasion success of the cytotypes of C. stoebe. As the effects of cross-compatibility and purging were comparable between cytotypes, both processes can be ruled out to affect the colonization success of diploids versus tetraploids. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that polyploidy increases the masking of recessive mutations, which maintains high fitness in inbred tetraploids and may thus facilitate colonization of new ranges. We highlight that reduced inbreeding depression may add to previously acknowledged advantages of polyploids in range expansions, a mechanism that may hitherto have been underestimated due to a lack of data on variation in inbreeding depression across geocytotypes.
FIGURE 10 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 10. Adult male of Pleurodema cordobae sp. nov. from Estancia Los Tabaquillos, Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba province, Argentina. Photograph by A. Martino and J. Valetti.
FIGURE 14 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 14. Egg deposition mode of Pleurodema cordobae sp. nov. Eggs mass and small tadpoles hatching. Estancia Los Tabaquillos, Córdoba province, Argentina. Photograph by A. Martino and J. Valetti.
FIGURE 5 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 5. Karyotypes of two species of Pleurodema analyzed. Pleurodema kriegi, La Posta, Pampa de Achala, 2n=4x=44 (above) and Pleurodema sp. nov. from Estancia Los Tabaquillos, Sierra de Comechingones, 2n=8x=88 (below). Photo by N. Salas.
FIGURE 1 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 1. Geographic position of type locality of Pleurodema sp. nov. (Estancia Los Tabaquillos; asterisk) and locality of specimens of Pleurodema kriegi used in the redescription (La Posta, Pampa de Achala; circle).
FIGURE 9 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 9. Typical habitat of Pleurodema kriegi. La Posta, Pampa de Achala. Córdoba province, Argentina. Photograph by J. Valetti and A. Martino.
FIGURE 8 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 8. Pleurodema kriegi, neotype (FML 20460, SVL 34.4 mm), (A) dorsal view of specimen; ventral views of (B) hand and (C) foot. Photograph by J. Valetti.
FIGURE 12 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 12. Type locality of Pleurodema cordobae sp. nov. Estancia Los Tabaquillos, Sierra de Comechingones. Córdoba province, Argentina. Photograph by J. Valetti and A. Martino.
FIGURE 7 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 7. Erythrocyte sizes. Pleurodema kriegi, Pampa de Achala (left) and Pleurodema sp. nov. from Estancia Los Tabaquillos, Sierra de Comechingones (right).
FIGURE 13 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 13. Typical localization of calling male of Pleurodema cordobae sp. nov. Type locality, Estancia Los Tabaquillos, Córdoba province, Argentina. Photograph by A. Martino and J. Valetti.
FIGURE 4 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 4. Scatter plot of duration of pulse group versus pulse duration. Individuals from La Posta (circles) and Estancia Los Tabaquillos (asterisks).
FIGURE 2 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 2. Advertisement call of Pleurodema sp. nov. from Estancia Los Tabaquillos. Power spectrum (above), Sonogram (middle) and Oscillogram (below). Water temperature: 19.3ºC.
FIGURE 11 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 11. Pleurodema cordobae sp nov., holotype (FML 20490, SVL 32.22 mm), (A) dorsal view of specimen; ventral views of (B) hand and (C) foot. Photograph by J. Valetti.
FIGURE 3 in A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)
FIGURE 3. Fragment of the advertisement call of Pleurodema sp. nov. from Estancia Los Tabaquillos showing three tripulsed pulse groups. Water temperature: 19.3ºC.
FIGURE 2 in Erythrocyte nuclear size as a better diagnostic character than cell size in the identification of live cryptic polyploid species
FIGURE 2. Comparison of nuclear areas of the individuals included in the estimation of boundary values (A) and the remaining individuals (B) of Odontophrynus cordobae and O. americanus. The dotted line represents the limit nuclear area to separate species. Upper and lower ends of boxes represent 75th and 25th percentiles. Whiskers represent the minimum and the maximum values. The center line within each box shows the locations of the sample median and the plus sign indicates the location of the sample mean.
FIGURE 1 in Erythrocyte nuclear size as a better diagnostic character than cell size in the identification of live cryptic polyploid species
FIGURE 1. Comparison of nuclear areas of the individuals included in the estimation of boundary values (A) and the remaining individuals (B) of Pleurodema kriegi and P. cordobae. The dotted line represents the limit nuclear area to separate species. Upper and lower ends of boxes represent 75th and 25th percentiles. Whiskers represent the minimum and the maximum values, except for outlier points. The center line within each box shows the locations of the sample median and the plus sign indicates the location of the sample mean.
Fig. 2 in Variation in the amino acids, volatile organic compounds and terpenes profiles in induced polyploids and in Solanum tuberosum varieties
Fig. 2. Biplot of Principal Component Analysis based on VOCs and Amino acids from leaves of Solanum allotetraploids (a), autotetraploids (b) and cultivated varieties (c). Components were calculated using Euclidean distances. Amino acids are depicted in the three-letter code. a) Allotetraploids (4xAL2 and 4xAL4) and diploid S. tuberosum x S. kurtzianum parental interspecific hybrid (2xPIH). b) Autotetraploids (4xAuL1, 4xAuL2 and 4xAuL3) and diploid S. kurtzianum parental line (2xPL). c) S. tuberosum cultivated varieties (4xCalen, 4xInnovator and 4xPampeana).
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