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1,551 results for “prey”
Great tits (Parus major) flexibly learn that herbivore-induced plant volatiles indicate prey location – an experimental evidence with two tree species
<p>1. When searching for food, great tits (Parus major) can use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as an indicator of arthropod presence. Their ability to detect HIPVs was shown to be learned, and not innate, yet the flexibility and generalization of learning remains unclear. 2. We studied if, and if so how, naïve and trained great tits (Parus major) discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings of Scotch elm (Ulmus glabra) and cattley guava (Psidium cattleyanum). We chemically analysed the used plants and showed that their HIPVs differed significantly and overlapped only in a few compounds. 3. Birds trained to discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings preferred the herbivore-induced saplings of the plant species they were trained to. Naïve birds did not show any preferences. Our results indicate that the attraction of great tits to herbivore-induced plants is not innate, rather it is a skill that can be acquired through learning, one tree species at a time. 4. We demonstrate that the ability to learn to associate HIPVs with food reward is flexible, expressed to both tested plant species, even if the plant species has not coevolved with the bird species (i.e. guava). Our results imply that the birds are not capable of generalising HIPVs among tree species but suggest that they either learn to detect individual compounds or associate whole bouquets with food rewards.</p>
Trophic allometry in a predator that carries corpses of its prey
<p><span>Ant-snatching assassin bugs carry a 'backpack' of ant corpses as an antipredator strategy. From photographs, we quantified the relative size and number of ants in these backpacks. We found a trade-off between size and number of carried ants, suggesting that trophic allometry has implications beyond energy acquisition, potentially affecting camouflage.</span></p>
Seasonal and ontological variation in diet and age-related differences in prey choice, by an insectivorous songbird
<p>The diet of an individual animal is subject to change over time, both in response to short-term food fluctuations and over longer time scales as an individual ages and meets different challenges over its life cycle. A metabarcoding approach was used to elucidate the diet of different life stages of a migratory songbird, the Eurasian reed warbler (<em>Acrocephalus scirpaceus</em>) over the 2017 summer breeding season in Somerset, UK. The faeces of adult, juvenile and nestling warblers were screened for invertebrate DNA, enabling the identification of prey species. Dietary analysis was coupled with monitoring of Diptera in the field using yellow sticky traps. Seasonal changes in warbler diet were subtle whereas age class had a greater influence on overall diet composition. Age classes showed high dietary overlap, but significant dietary differences were mediated through the selection of prey; i) from different taxonomic groups, ii) with different habitat origins (aquatic versus terrestrial) and iii) of different average approximate sizes. Our results highlight the value of metabarcoding data for enhancing ecological studies of insectivores in dynamic environments. </p>
Figure 2 in Amphibians and reptiles as prey of Heteroctenus junceus (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with a summary of vertebrate predation by scorpions in the West Indies
Figure 2. Heteroctenus junceus, the largest species in the genus and one of the largest scorpions in the West Indies, male (2a) and female (2b).
Figure 1 in Amphibians and reptiles as prey of Heteroctenus junceus (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with a summary of vertebrate predation by scorpions in the West Indies
Figure 1. Partially digested Anolis ophiolepis found being preyed upon by an adult female Heteroctenus junceus at Loma La Carrera; the scorpion fled as soon as we turned the rock over.
Figure 3 in Amphibians and reptiles as prey of Heteroctenus junceus (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with a summary of vertebrate predation by scorpions in the West Indies
Figure 3. Live individuals of the species of amphibians and reptiles reported here as being preyed upon by Heteroctenus junceus: Osteopilus septentrionalis (3a), Anolis allisoni (3b), A. sagrei (3c), and A. ophiolepis (3d).
Figure 1 in How Spiromesifen affects some biological parameters and switching behavior of predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when feeding on different ratios of mixed preys
Figure 1. Linear relation between initial number of Bemisia tabaci (left)/ Tetranychus urticae (right) treated with recommended concentration of Spiromesifen and number of preys eaten by predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii.
Figure 2 in How Spiromesifen affects some biological parameters and switching behavior of predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when feeding on different ratios of mixed preys
Figure 2. Fitted regression equation between the proportion of consumed mite to total preys and preference index (β) of Amblyseius swirskii.
Figure 2 in Trophic breadth niche, prey preference and developmental time of a Balaustium sp. (Acari: Erythraeidae) from Argentina
Figure 2. Ordination diagram of principal components analysis showing the distribution of preys consumption by larvae, deutonymphs, and adults of Balaustium sp. Positions of the arrows relative to Axes 1 and 2 indicate how strongly independent variables are correlated with each axis, and therefore how related variables are to the pattern of preys consumption by Balaustium sp.
Figure 1 in Trophic breadth niche, prey preference and developmental time of a Balaustium sp. (Acari: Erythraeidae) from Argentina
Figure 1. Developmental stages of Balaustium sp. – A. Eggs; B. Deutova; C. Larva; D. Protonymph: E. Deutonymph; F. Tritonymph; G. Adult.
Figure 3 in Suitability of three eriophyid mites as prey for the predatory mite, Typhlodromus athiasae (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Figure 3. The age-stage reproductive value (vxj) of Typhlodromus athiasae fed on Aceria kenyae, Aceria mangiferae, and Calepitrimerus baileyi.
Figure 1 in Suitability of three eriophyid mites as prey for the predatory mite, Typhlodromus athiasae (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Figure 1. Age-stage specific survival rates (sxj) of Typhlodromus athiasae fed on Aceria kenyae, Aceria mangiferae, and Calepitrimerus baileyi.
Figure 2 in Suitability of three eriophyid mites as prey for the predatory mite, Typhlodromus athiasae (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Figure 2. Age-specific survival rate (lx), age-stage specific fecundity (fxj), and age-specific fecundity (mx) of Typhlodromus athiasae fed on Aceria kenyae, Aceria mangiferae, and Calepitrimerus baileyi.
Data from: Human avoidance, selection for darkness and prey activity explain wolf diel activity in a highly cultivated landscape
<p>Wildlife that share habitats with humans with limited options for spatial avoidance must either tolerate frequent human encounters or concentrate their activity on those periods with the least risk of encountering people. Based on 5,259 camera trap images of adult wolves from eight territories, we analyzed the extent to which diel activity patterns in a highly cultivated landscape with extensive public access (Denmark) could be explained by diel variation in darkness, human activity, and prey (deer) activity. A resource selection function that contrasted every camera observation (use) with 24 alternative hourly observations from the same day (availability), revealed that diel activity correlated with all three factors simultaneously with human activity having the strongest effect (negative), followed by darkness (positive) and deer activity (positive). A model incorporating these three effects had lower parsimony and classified use and availability observations just as well as a 'circadian' model that smoothed the use-availability ratio as a function of time of the day. Most of the selection for darkness was explained by variation in human activity, supporting the notion that nocturnality (proportion of observations registered at night vs. day at the equinox) is a proxy for temporal human avoidance. Contrary to our expectations, wolves were no more nocturnal in territories with unrestricted public access than in territories where public access was restricted to roads, possibly because wolves in all territories had few possibilities to walk more than a few hundred meters without crossing roads. Overall, Danish wolf packs were 6.5 (95% CI: 4.6-9.6) times more active at night than at daylight, which makes them amongst the most nocturnally active wolves reported so far. These results confirm the prediction that wolves in habitats with limited options for spatial human avoidance, invest more in temporal avoidance.</p>
Fig. 3 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg
Fig. 3 Gladius morphology of Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp., holotype (MNHNL TI024), Lower Toarcian, Serpentinum Chronozone, Exaratum Subchronozone, Bascharage. A overview of the slab; B close-up of the anterior hyperbolar zone showing the course of growth increments; C schematic morphology and measurements; D overview of the counter-slab; E close-up of the posterior gladius showing the course of growth increments. Scale bars = 10 mm
Fig. 2 Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg
Fig. 2 Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp., holotype (MNHNL TI024), Lower Toarcian, Serpentinum Chronozone, Exaratum Subchronozone, Bascharage. A–D slab; E–G counter-slab. A overview; B camera lucida drawing of A; C close-up of the head–arm complex; D same under UV-light showing the weakly illuminating arm musculature; E overview; F close-up of the preyed fishes, red colour Specimen 1 (op = opercle; sop = subopercle), blue colour Specimen 2 (caud = caudal fin; sop = subopercle; centra = central vertebra); G same under UV-light. Scale bars = 10 mm
Fig. 5 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg
Fig. 5 General phylogenetic tree of the Neocoleoidea (proostracum-bearing coleoids) indicating arm crown modifications within the Octobrachia. If the filamentous arm pair of Recent Vampyroteuthis is a homologue of the lost arm pair of the Octopoda, the vampyromorph stem lineage (thicker) should theoretically exhibit evidence of a rudimental dorsolateral (5th) arm pair
Fig. 1 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg
Fig. 1 Detailed map of the Edward Steichen Industrial Zone, northeast of the town of Bascharage in southwest Luxembourg. The area marked by a black asterisk corresponds to the place of finding (© Carte topographique: Adm. Du Cadastre et de la Topographie, Luxembourg)
Fig. 4 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg
Fig. 4 Comparative gladius morphology of selected octobrachiate coleoids. A Topology of the cluster analysis based on gladius outlines; B 3-reconstructions of the same gladiuses systematically sorted (after Fuchs, 2020). Where known arm configurations are indicated. Note the gladius outline of Vampyrofugies (based on Rowe et al., 2023) is approximated
Food quantity and quality modulates inducible defences in a common predator-prey system
<p><span>Zooplankton display different inducible defences against invertebrate and vertebrate predators. The response pattern to gape-limited invertebrate predators involves increased somatic growth and offspring body size but delayed maturity and reduced offspring numbers. In contrast to this general pattern, the freshwater model organism <em>Daphnia magna</em> has been reported to exhibit a different response when encountering the gape-limited tadpole shrimp <em>Triops cancriformis</em>. Under laboratory conditions, <em>D. magna</em> showed increased somatic growth, earlier maturation, and an increase in both offspring number and size. We propose here that the discrepancy between the previously observed and the theory-based response patterns against invertebrate predators is due to differences in food availability in the applied laboratory settings and assessed whether the defensive response of <em>D. magna</em> against <em>T. cancriformis</em> is modulated differently by food quantity and quality. We found a strong impact of food quantity and quality on the defence response of <em>D. magna</em> to <em>T. cancriformis</em> kairomones. The prey seem to be able to overcome trade-offs between morphological defence traits and reproductive traits, but distinctly between high food quantity and high food quality. Thereby, reproductive traits were preferred over morphological defences. Furthermore, removal of particles from the <em>T. cancriformis</em>-conditioned water caused a defence pattern in <em>D. magna</em> that was consistent with the general response pattern known from other invertebrate predators, thus explaining the described discrepancy to previous studies with <em>T. cancriformis</em>. <span> </span>Our study highlights the importance of assessing food-related effects on predator-prey interactions to understand trophic relationships and food web processes.</span></p>
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