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Fig. 2 in The anuran fauna in a protected West African rainforest and surrounding agricultural systems

Fig. 2. The different habitats in and around Taï National Park which were surveyed for amphibians. (A) and (B) near primary forest; (C) cocoa plantation; (D) rubber plantation; (E) heavily degraded forest edge; (F) rice field.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Fig. 3 in The anuran fauna in a protected West African rainforest and surrounding agricultural systems

Fig. 3. Species accumulation curve (triangles) and estimated amphibian species richness (Chao 2, squares; and Jack-knife 1, circles) of the Taï National Park and surrounding agroforestry system. The mean values of 500 random runs of the daily species lists are given. A daily species list comprised the presence/absence records collected during seven hours of sampling (four hours during daylight, and three hours during night) on one plot by two people for a total of 14 person-hours.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in The anuran fauna in a protected West African rainforest and surrounding agricultural systems

Fig. 1. Locations of the 32 study plots in the Taï National Park and surrounding agroforestry systems (see Appendix 1 for the plot list and habitat descriptions). Inset figure: position of Taï National Park in Côte d'Ivoire.

Fig. 10. A in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 10. A more congenial relationship: the spider Pamphobeteus sp. (Theraphosidae) and Chiasmocleis royi. Photo by Emanuele Biggi.

Fig. 9 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 9. (A) Osteocephalus cf. leprieurii infected by several fly larvae; part of the skin of the infected area was removed to show cavity with degraded tissue and one fly larva (on right); (B) Dendropsophus leali and fly larvae (Diptera) that emerged through the frog's mouth; (C) Ranitomeya uakarii infected by a maggot that emerged from a small round lesion on its back. Photos by Rudolf von May (A), Daniel Rabosky (B), and Valia Herrera (C).

Fig. 7 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 7. (A) A wandering spider (Ctenidae) preying upon Hamptophryne boliviana; (B) the spider Ancylometes sp. (Ctenidae) preying upon an adult Dendropsophus sarayacuensis; (C) giant water bug (Belostomatidae) preying upon an adult Dendropsophus minutus; the belostomatid was guarding a clutch of eggs (likely its own clutch). Photos by Erin Westeen (A) and María Isabel Díaz (B–C).

Fig. 8 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 8. (A) Stingless bees in the genus Trigona (Apidae) preying upon a clutch of tree frog eggs (Hylidae) at a temporary pond located in terra firme forest; (B) the spider Phoneutria sp. (Ctenidae) preying upon an adult Dendropsophus kamagarini. Photos by Rudolf von May (A) and Roy Santa-Cruz (B).

Fig. 6 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 6. (A) Theraphosid spider Pamphobeteus sp. (Theraphosidae) preying upon the mouse opossum Marmosops cf. noctivagus; (B) The same individual of Pamphobeteus sp. dragging the mouse opossum on the leaf litter. Photos by Maggie Grundler (A–B).

Fig. 5 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 5. (A) Juvenile snake Dipsas catesbyi with lesion caused by scolopendrid centipede (red arrow); (B) juvenile snake Micrurus obscurus, missing head and soft tissues on most anterior part of body as a result of predation by scolopendrid centipede. Photos by Joanna Larson (A–B).

Fig. 1 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 1. (A) The spider Ancylometes sp. (Ctenidae) preying upon an adult Dendropsophus leali; (B) the spider Phoneutria sp. (Ctenidae) preying on a sub-adult Hamptophryne boliviana. Photos by Emanuele Biggi (A) and Francesco Tomasinelli (B).

Fig. 4 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 4. The spider Ctenus sp. (Ctenidae) preying upon a subadult Cercosaura eigenmani. Photo by Mark Cowan.

Fig. 3 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 3. (A) A theraphosid spider, cf. Pamphobeteus sp. (Theraphosidae), preying upon Hamptophryne boliviana; (B) a ctenid spider (Ctenidae) preying upon Leptodactylus didymus. Photos by Emanuele Biggi (A) and Pascal Title (C).

Fig. 2 in Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest

Fig. 2. (A) The fishing spider Thaumasia sp. (Pisauridae) preying upon a tadpole (unidentified) at a temporary pond located in terra firme forest; (B) a ctenid spider (genus undetermined; Ctenidae) preying upon a subadult Boana sp. G. Photos by Emanuele Biggi (A) and Francesco Tomasinelli (B).

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Defoliator outbreaks track with warming across the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest of North America

The biogeography of irruptive insect herbivores is determined by host availability and climate conditions. As such, outbreak distributions are sensitive to climatic change, especially across large latitudinal gradients. Here, we investigate the outbreak distributions of two understudied defoliators, hemlock sawfly (Hymenoptera; Neodiprion tsugae) and western blackheaded budworm (Lepidoptera; Acleris gloverana), that have both recently impacted the greatest land area recorded across the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest since the establishment of aerial survey programs. We compiled polygon-based estimates of insect damage collected by aerial observers, forest inventory, and downscaled climatic data to develop gridded estimates of bioclimatic conditions across the extent of the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest, including the continental United States, British Columbia, and Alaska. We leveraged these data to develop ensemble machine learning models with the goal of predicting the outbreak distribution of each insect. In this manuscript we: (1) describe the historical patterns of defoliator outbreaks, (2) identify and describe climatic conditions associated with outbreaks in both species, and (3) assess whether historic outbreaks have tracked geographic shifts in climate conditions across the region. We demonstrate that outbreaks of hemlock sawfly and western blackheaded budworm have been observed across the Pacific coastal temperature rainforests of North America in each decade since the establishment of the Canadian and United States aerial survey programs. The distribution of outbreaks by both insects were best explained by host availability, a limited range of spring, summer, and winter temperatures, and minimum precipitation. Finally, we demonstrate that outbreaks have tracked the poleward shift in suitable climate over the last century. This study establishes a baseline understanding of the climatic constraints and biogeographic patterns of historic sawfly and budworm outbreaks across the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest and emphasizes the overarching importance of climate in driving the irruptive dynamics of these defoliator species.

Figs. 192–197 in New species of Pauropoda (Myriapoda) from Tasmanian temperate rainforests

Figs. 192–197. Borneopauropus dignus sp.nov., holotype 192, 194–197, paratype 193: 192, head, median and right part, tergal view; 193, head with temporal organ, lateral view; 194, left antenna, sternal view; 195, collum segment, median and left part, sternal view; 196, tergites I–III; 197, tergite VI, median and right part, and pygidium, tergal view. Scale line a for figures 196, 197; b for figure 195; c for figures 192–194.

Figs. 155–168 in New species of Pauropoda (Myriapoda) from Tasmanian temperate rainforests

Figs. 155–168. Stylopauropoides hetaerosr sp.nov., holotype, 155–161, 164–168, paratype 162, 163: 155, head, median and right part, tergal view; 156, temporal organ, posterior part with pistil, lateral view; 157, left antenna, sternal view; 158, distal part of 3rd antennal segment, tergal view; 159, collum segment, median and left part, sternal view; 160, tergite VI, posterior part; 161, T; 162, T; 163, left genital papilla, anterior view; 1 3 164, seta on coxa of 9th pair of legs; 165, tarsus of 9th pair of legs; 166, pygidium, posterior part, sternal view; 167, pygidial seta a; 168, anal 1 plate, lateral view. Scale line a for figures 160–163, 165; b for figures 155, 156, 159, 164; c for figures 157, 158, 166–168.

Figs. 117–127 in New species of Pauropoda (Myriapoda) from Tasmanian temperate rainforests

Figs. 117–127. Stylopauropoides rounsevelli sp.nov., holotype: 117, head, median and right part, tergal view; 118, temporal organ, posterior part with pistil, lateral view; 119, right antenna, sternal view; 120, collum segment, median and left part, sternal view; 121, tergite VI, posterior part; 122, T; 123, T; 124, genital papillae and seta on coxa of 2nd pair of legs, anterior view; 125, seta on coxa of 9th pair of legs; 126, tarsus of 9th 3 5 pair of legs; 127, pygidium, sternal view. Scale line a for figures 122–126; b for figures 117, 118, 120, 121, 127; c for figure 119.

Figs. 105–116 in New species of Pauropoda (Myriapoda) from Tasmanian temperate rainforests

Figs. 105–116. Stylopauropoides erectus sp.nov., holotype 105–115, paratype 116: 105, head, median and right part, tergal view; 106, temporal organ, posterior part with pistil, lateral view; 107, left antenna, tergal view; 108, 3rd antennal segment, tergal view; 109, collum segment, median and left part, sternal view; 110, tergite VI, posterior part; 111, T; 112, seta on coxa of 9th pair of legs; 113, tarsus of 9th pair of legs; 114, 3 pygidium, tergal view; 115, anal plate, lateral view; 116, anal plate, sternal view. Scale line a for figures 105, 106, 110–113; b for figures 107–109, 114–116.

Figs. 82–93 in New species of Pauropoda (Myriapoda) from Tasmanian temperate rainforests

Figs. 82–93. Decapauropus terrestris sp.nov., holotype: 82, head, median and right part, tergal view; 83, temporal organ, posterolateral part, lateral view; 84, left antenna, tergal view; 85, collum segment, median and left part, sternal view; 86, tergite VI, posterior part; 87, T; 88, T; 89, 1 3 T; 90, seta on trochanter of 9th pair of legs; 91, tarsus of 9th pair of legs; 92, pygidium, median and left part, sternal view; 93, anal plate, lateral 5 view. Scale line a for figure 88; b for figures 86, 87; c for figures 82, 83, 85, 90, 91; d for figures: 84, 89, 92, 93.

Figs. 62–71 in New species of Pauropoda (Myriapoda) from Tasmanian temperate rainforests

Figs. 62–71. Decapauropus convexus sp.nov., holotype: 62, head, median and right part, tergal view; 63, temporal organ, posterior part, lateral view; 64, left antenna, sternal view; 65, collum segment, median and left part, sternal view; 66, T; 67, T; 68, seta on trochanter of 9th pair of 1 3 legs; 69, tarsus of 9th pair of legs; 70, pygidium, posterior and left part, sternal view; 71, anal plate, lateral view. Scale line a for figures 62, 63, 66, 67; b for figures 64, 65, 68, 69; c for figures 70, 71.