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Fig. 5. The 3 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 5. The 3 nulliparous stages of Megamelus scutellaris. a) N1—Note the lack of differentiation in the vitellarium (v) and large size of the germarium (g) in comparison to the vitellarium. b) N2—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no fully mature follicles, and no follicular relics. c and d) N3—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no follicular relics are present, and at least 2 follicles are mature and ready to be ovulated as indicated by darkening of the interior of the oocyte by yolk deposition.

FIGURE 16. Louteridium parayi. A in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 16. Louteridium parayi. A. Habit (Breedlove 67024). B. Bracteoles and flower (Breedlove & Thorne 30789). C. Calyx (Breedlove 28970). D. Corolla bud opened to show stamens (Breedlove 67024). E. Stigma (Breedlove 67024). F. Dehisced capsule (Breedlove 28970). G. Seed (Breedlove 28970). Drawn by Ellen del Valle.

FIGURE 9 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 9. Map of Costa Rica (with provinces) and Panama (with provinces and comarcas) with distribution of Louteridium costaricense. Dots may pertain to multiple collections.

FIGURE 5 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 5. Pollen of Louteridium (except for L. koelzii, which was unavailable). A. L. brevicalyx (Daniel & Steinmann 11913). B. L. chartaceum (Daniel & Butterwick 5905). C. L. costaricense (van der Werff 7019). D. L. dendropilosum (Daniel et al. 11784). E. L. donnell-smithii (Daniel & Véliz 11337). F. L. mexicanum (Breedlove & Thorne 30786). G. L. parayi (Daniel & Wendt 5805). H. L. parayi (Breedlove & Daniel 70889) with intine protruding from apertures (revealing their number). I. L. purpusii (Breedlove & Smith 31613). J. L. purpusii (Breedlove & Smith 31613), with intine protruding from apertures (revealing their number). K. L. rzedowskianum (Kruse 1380). L. L. tamaulipense (Hutchinson s.n.). All scales = 10 μm.

FIGURE 3 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 3. Trichomes (SEM) of Louteridium spp. A, B. L. dendropilosum (Daniel et al. 11784), with dendritic trichomes bearing scattered micropapillae. C, D. L. donnell-smithii (Breedlove & Daniel 71197), with unbranched trichomes bearing micropapillae mostly arranged in lines.

FIGURE 14. Louteridium koelzii. A in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 14. Louteridium koelzii. A. Apex of shoot with flush of new leaves (McVaugh & Koelz 1797). B. Branch with inflorescence in flower (McVaugh & Koelz 1507). C. Leaf (McVaugh & Koelz 1797). D. Corolla bud opened (McVaugh & Koelz 1797). E. Dehisced corolla with epipetalous stamens (McVaugh 26180). F. Distal portion of style and stigma (McVaugh 26180). G. Partially dehisced capsule with calyx and pedicel (McVaugh 26180). H. Seed (McVaugh 26180). Drawn by Karin Douthit, copyright reserved to University of Michigan Herbarium, used with permission.

FIGURE 7 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 7. Seeds of Louteridium. A. L. donnell-smithii (Breedlove & Bourell 68070). B. L. brevicalyx (Daniel & Steinmann 11913). C. L. brevicalyx in water (Daniel & Steinmann 11913). D. L. dendropilosum (Daniel et al. 11784). E. L. chartaceum (Daniel & Butterwick 5905). F. L. chartaceum (Daniel & Butterwick 5905) in water. G. L. mexicanum (Wendt et al. 3614). H. L. parayi (Breedlove 28970). I. L. purpusii (Breedlove & Smith 31613). J. L. chartaceum (Daniel & Butterwick 5905), detail of dry seed. K. L. chartaceum (Daniel & Butterwick 5905), detail of seed in water. All scales = 1 mm.

Fig. 18 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 18 Ultrastructure of the anterior hemisphere of a bilayered embryo and embryo sac shortly before bud formation in Plumatella casmiana (TEM). a Overview of embryonic epithelia and embryo sac. The embryo shows high prismatic ectoderm and flattened mesodermal cells. Ectodermal cells possess filiform extensions on their lateral sides. b Detail of an embryonic ectodermal cell showing filiform processes, mitochondria, numerous free ribosomes and a multivesicular body in the apical part of the cell. c Detail of a mesodermal cell of the embryo sac. In contrast to the embryonic cells, it shows a lower density of ribosomes, but much more vacuoles and endoplasmatic reticulum. Presumed site of exocytosis towards the lumen of the embryo sac is marked by an arrow. d Detail of the mesoderm of the embryo including large vacuoles with unknown content (asterisks). Arrow shows an extension of the cell membrane towards the basal lamina. Abbreviations: bl basal lamina, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, er endoplasmatic reticulum, esm mesoderm of the embryo sac, mi mitochondria, mvb multivesicular body, nu nucleus, nuc nucleolus, ri ribosomes

Fig. 15 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 15 Longitudinal sections of brooded larvae of Plumatella casmiana. a. The embryo sac is conspicuous. The larval mantle is ciliated (arrowhead) and in earlier stages restricted to the anterior pole of the larva. Halfway along the longitudinal axis the mantle forms a deep groove (arrows). Two almost differentiated buds are present in the larva. b

Fig. 16 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 16 Semithin sections of late embryonic stages of Plumatella casmiana. a, b Longitudinal sections of an early larva. The mantle is not yet ciliated and a mantle fold is present in the equatorial region. Posterior of the mantle fold, the ring-shaped contact zone ('placenta') of elongated cells of the larval ectoderm is in contact with the mesoderm of the embryo sac (partly seen in a). The embryo sac is rather thin but still includes voluminous cells (arrowheads), some with cytoplasmatic inclusions (arrows). c, d Oblique cross section of an advanced larva showing contact areas of the larva to the cells of the embryo sac. The ringshaped 'placenta' is disrupted where the mantle fold overgrows the larva in posterior direction. e–i Contact cells (asterisks) in early larvae. These cells are either formed by cytoplasmatic extensions of embryonic/larval cells (e, f), or their origin is unclear (g, h). In some cases they appear to belong to the embryo sac (i). Abbreviations: b bud, e embryo/ larva, ecd ectoderm of the larva, ebs embryo sac, ma larval mantle, msd mesoderm of the larva, mf mantle fold, pac placenta cells

Fig. 13 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 13 Bud formation in an advanced embryo of Plumatella casmiana. Semithin sections. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac wall are shown by a dashed line in a and d. a, b Different section levels of same embryo showing proliferating cells (arrows in b) of the anlage of the bud, close to the posterior pole of the larva. Buds are two-layered and protrude into the lumen of the embryo. c, d. Two-layered polypide anlage (asterisk) consisting of an inner (epidermal/ectodermal) and outer (peritoneal/mesodermal) budding layer. Abbreviations: ebs embryo sac, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm

Fig. 12 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 12 Semithin sections of a bilayered embryo of Plumatella casmiana. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac wall are highlighted by a dashed line in a, b. a Distal part of the embryo sac and the posterior pole of the embryo. The ectodermal lining of the embryo sac is thin except at its attachment area to the body wall (upper part of image). b Dark cytoplasmic inclusion (arrow) in the mesodermal embryo sac layer. Multiple lipids are visible as light brown inclusions. The embryonic mesoderm consists of flattened cells, and the ectodermal cubic or prismatic cells occasionally show vacuoles (asterisks). In some areas it has tight contact to the dissolving embryo sac ectoderm (arrowhead). c Embryo sac showing voluminous cells of the embryo sac mesoderm (asterisks) and an almost completely reduced ectodermal layer. The ovary is in tight association with the embryo sac with apparent contacts (arrows). d Ectodermal cell of the embryo showing extension towards the mesoderm of the embryo sac (arrow). Abbreviations: b polypide bud, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, ese ectoderm of embryo sac, esm mesoderm of embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 11 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 11 Bilayered embryo of Plumatella casmiana at the beginning of bud formation. Semithin sections. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac are shown by the dashed line in b & c. a Double-layered embryo with fully formed mesoderm. Towards the proximal, suspended end of the sac, the mesodermal cells of the embryo are thinner. At one point the embryo sac shows a perforation through which the embryo protrudes (arrow). b Same embryo as in a but a more median section of the embryo and the embryo sac showing mesoderm thickness. Note also the much smaller plug of maternal ectodermal cells towards the body wall. c Detail of the distal end of the embryo sac showing less staining of ectodermal embryo sac cells compared to the remaining cells. d–f Details of contact areas between embryo and embryo sac. Individual cells of the embryonic ectoderm show cytoplasmic extensions (arrows) towards the embryo sac. The mesoderm of the embryo sac projects toward the embryonic ectoderm (d, left arrow). Abbreviations: b polypide bud, clc coelomocyte, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, ebs embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 8 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 8 Schematic drawings of the embryonic development of Plumatella casmiana. a Blastula stage situated at the suspended end of the embryo sac which consists of an external mesodermal layer and an ectodermal part inside that entirely surrounds the embryo at this stage. b Early mesoderm formation from ectodermal cells (red) of the prospective aboral pole of the embryo. Maternal ectoderm in the proximal, suspended end has started to diminish in this stage. c Progressed mesoderm formation showing its progression from the upper attached site towards the suspended, lower area of the embryo sac. The mesoderm of the embryo sac is connected to the embryonic ectoderm via contact cells where the ectodermal lining is reduced. d Late embryo with commencing bud formation at the aboral pole. The maternal ectoderm is in contact with some embryonic ectodermal cells (arrows). The mesoderm of the embryo sac is connected to the embryonic ectoderm via contact cells. e Late embryo with mantle fold formation. A distinct ring-shaped contact zone has formed at this stage. Abbreviations: b polypide bud, bwm body wall musculature of the maternal cystid, coc coelomic cavity, e embryo, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, ebs embryo sac, ese ectoderm of embryo sac, esm mesoderm of embryo sac, ed epidermis (ectodermal origin), mec maternal ectoderm cells, mf mantle fold of larval mantle, pac placenta cells, pt peritoneum (mesodermal origin). Colors: peritoneum and mesodermal layer of embryo sac, yellow; epidermis and ectodermal layer layer of embryo sac, green; ectoderm of embryo, red; mesoderm of embryo, blue; contact cells, violet

Fig. 9 3D in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 9 3D reconstruction of early embryos of Plumatella casmiana based on serial semithin sections. a Embryo consisting of several blastomeres at the suspended end of the bilayered embryo sac. The inner, ectodermal lining of the embryo sac begins to disappear at the suspended end (asterisk). Embryonic contact cells are in connection to the embryo sac. b Blastula with central cavity. The maternal ectoderm cells are now restricted to the contact area towards the body wall. c Early mesoderm formation. d Advanced stage with mesoderm formation completed. Abbreviations: cnc contact cells, e embryo, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, esm mesoderm of the embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells. Colors: Mesodermal part of embryo sac, yellow; ectodermal part of embryo sac, green; embryonic ectoderm, red; embryonic mesoderm, blue; contact cells, violet

Fig. 7 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 7 Contact areas of embryos of Plumatella casmiana and the maternal ectoderm. Semithin sections. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac are shown by the dashed line in a–c. a Blastula stage in a bilayered embryo sac. The latter consists of a thick (outer) mesoderm and a thin inner lining of maternal ectoderm. One blastomere of the embryo is in contact (arrow) with the adjacent ectodermal cell of the embryo sac. The cytoplasm of the connected maternal ectoderm cell stains less intense than adjoining cells. b Detail of the embryo sac with a maternal ectodermal cell (arrow) in contact with the blastomere. c Detail of a blastula showing contact of a blastomere with the maternal ectoderm in the proximal area of the embryo sac. d Late embryo showing several ectodermal cells at the posterior pole of the embryo forming contact with the remaining maternal ectodermal cells (arrow). Abbreviations: e embryo, ebs embryo sac, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 6 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 6 Late embryo of Plumatella casmiana, longitudinal section. a Overview of the large thin-walled embryo sac next to the ovary with mature oocytes. The embryo oc- cupies almost the entire cavity of the brood sac and has started to form buds in its distal region. b Ectodermal cells (asterisks) of the posterior pole of the embryo are in direct contact to the maternal ectodermal cells of the embryo sac. c Early bud formation. Ectodermal cells proliferate (arrows) and ingress, while the adjoining mesoderm thickens and surrounds the ectodermal ingression. d Establishment of contact between the embryonic ectoderm (asterisk) and the mesodermal layer of the embryo sac. The bor- der between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac is shown by a dashed line in b and c. Abbreviations: ebs embryo sac, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, mec maternal ectoderm cells

Fig. 3 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 3 Ovary and embryo sac formation in Plumatella sp. a Early ovary in the body wall. Embryo sac formation occurs next to the ovary with its initial stage detectable by proliferation of the epidermal layer. b More progressed stage than in 'a' with the ovary and embryo sac protruding more into the body cavity of the zooid. c The oocyte number increases, and the largest and most mature oocytes are situated at the free end of the ovary towards the coelomic cavity. d Embryo sac with enclosed early embryo in the proximal part. The distal part towards the body wall is plugged by maternal cells from the epidermis. Abbreviations: b bud, e embryo, ebs embryo sac, ese embryo sac ectoderm, esm embryo sac mesoderm, mec maternal ectodermal cells, ooc oocyte, ov ovary

Fig. 2 a, b in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 2 a, b Whole mounts of autozooids of Plumatella sp. a General view of a zooid with retracted polypide. b Close-up of the cystid wall showing a young polypide bud, an ovary with few oocytes and a developing embryo sac. Abbreviations: b bud, ebs embryo sac, l lophophore, o orifice, ooc oocytes, ov ovary, t tentacles, ts tentacle sheath