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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

Dataset related to article "Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics by β-Arrestin1/Myosin Vb Signaling Regulates Endosomal Sorting and Scavenging Activity of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor ACKR2"

This record contains raw data related to article "Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics by β-Arrestin1/Myosin Vb Signaling Regulates Endosomal Sorting and Scavenging Activity of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor ACKR2" The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2, formerly named D6, is a scavenger chemokine receptor with a non-redundant role in the control of inflammation and immunity. The scavenging activity of ACKR2 depends on its trafficking properties, which require actin cytoskeleton rearrangements downstream of a β-arrestin1-Rac1-PAK1-LIMK1-cofilin-dependent signaling pathway. We here demonstrate that in basal conditions, ACKR2 trafficking properties require intact actin and microtubules networks. The dynamic turnover of actin filaments is required to sustain ACKR2 constitutive endocytosis, while both actin and microtubule networks are involved in processes regulating ACKR2 constitutive sorting to rapid, Rab4-dependent and slow, Rab11-dependent recycling pathways, respectively. After chemokine engagement, ACKR2 requires myosin Vb activity to promote its trafficking from Rab11-positive recycling endosomes to the plasma membrane, which sustains its scavenging activity. Other than cofilin phosphorylation, induction of the β-arrestin1-dependent signaling pathway by ACKR2 agonists also leads to the rearrangement of microtubules, which is required to support the myosin Vb-dependent ACKR2 upregulation and its scavenging properties. Disruption of the actin-based cytoskeleton by the apoptosis-inducing agent staurosporine results in impaired ACKR2 internalization and chemokine degradation that is consistent with the emerging scavenging-independent activity of the receptor in apoptotic neutrophils instrumental for promoting efficient efferocytosis during the resolution of inflammation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that ACKR2 activates a β-arrestin1-dependent signaling pathway, triggering both the actin and the microtubule cytoskeletal networks, which control its trafficking and scavenger properties.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Dietary changes in predators and scavengers in a nocturnally illuminated riparian ecosystem

Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are linked by fluxes of carbon and nutrients in riparian areas. Processes that alter these fluxes may therefore change the diet and composition of consumer communities. We used stable carbon isotope (δ13C) analyses to test whether the increased abundance of aquatic prey observed in another study led to a dietary shift in riparian consumers in areas illuminated by artificial light at night (ALAN). We measured the contribution of aquatic-derived carbon to diets in riparian arthropods in experimentally lit and unlit sites along an agricultural drainage ditch in northern Germany. The δ13C signature of the spider Pachygnatha clercki (Tetragnathidae) was 0.7‰ lower in the ALAN-illuminated site in summer, indicating a greater assimilation of aquatic prey. Bayesian mixing models also supported higher intake of aquatic prey under ALAN in summer (34% versus 21%). In contrast, isotopic signatures for P. clercki (0.3‰) and Pardosa prativaga (0.7‰) indicated a preference for terrestrial prey in the illuminated site in summer. Terrestrial prey intake increased in spring for P. clerckii under ALAN (from 70% to 74%) and in spring and autumn for P. prativaga (from 68% to 77% and from 67% to 72%) and Opiliones (from 68% to 72%; 68% to 75%). This was despite most of the available prey (up to 80%) being aquatic in origin. We conclude that ALAN changed the diet of riparian secondary consumers by increasing the density of both aquatic and terrestrial prey. Dietary changes were species- and season-specific, indicating that the effects of ALAN may interact with phenology and feeding strategy. Because streetlights can occur in high density near freshwaters, ALAN may have widespread effects on aquatic-terrestrial ecosystem linkages.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Roads do not increase carrion use by a vertebrate scavenging community

Wildlife-vehicle collisions introduce a considerable amount of carrion into the environment, but scavenger use of this resource has not been extensively investigated. Scavengers may use roads for reliable foraging opportunities, but might also use roads for other purposes and encounter carrion opportunistically. We examined scavenging of carrion along linear features by placing 52 rabbit carcasses in each of three treatments in forested habitat during winter (Dec 2016-Mar 2017) in South Carolina, USA: roads, power line clearings (linear feature with fewer carcasses than roads due to lack of road kill), and forest interior. We used motion-activated cameras to compare arrival times and presence of vertebrate scavengers among treatments. There was no difference in proportion of carcasses scavenged or scavenger arrival time across treatments. No species arrived at roads quicker than other treatments. Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) and coyotes (Canis latrans) scavenged equally across treatments, whereas gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) scavenged along roads and power lines, but not in forests. We suggest that scavenger use of carrion near roads at this location during winter relates to factors other than carrion availability. Because some scavengers readily consumed carrion on roads, this resource has the potential to influence the ecology of these species.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Disruptive sexual selection on body size in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica

Sexual selection has two main components, female preference and male-male competition, which can lead males to adopt alternative reproductive tactics to optimize their reproductive success. Two traits that significantly influence reproductive success are body size and coloration, as they can facilitate access to females through male contests or as female attractors. We investigated whether, and if so which mechanism of sexual selection contributes to the maintenance, and possibly even the establishment, of two almost discrete male morphs in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae): small and black, or large and amber. We performed two complementary laboratory experiments to evaluate the mating success of the different male morphs and the behaviors (of both males and females) presumably mediating their mating success. We found evidence for intraspecific disruptive sexual selection on male body size that is mediated by male-male interactions, and significant positive directional selection on body size that interacted with (directional) selection on coloration, likely contributing to the origin and/or maintenance of the threshold relationship between the two traits in this species. The simultaneous occurrence of disruptive selection and polyphenism in S. thoracica supports the role of sexual selection in the intraspecific diversification of coupled traits (here body size and coloration), which could be a speciation starting point.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

The Hydroperoxyl Radical Scavenging Activity of Sulfuretin: Insights from Theory

This dataset contains data from the calculations described in the paper: "Nguyen Thi Hoa, Do Thi My Hang, Do Phu Hieu, Huynh Van Truong, Loc Phuoc Hoang, Adam Mechler and Quan V. Vo*. (2021), The Hydroperoxyl Radical Scavenging Activity of Sulfuretin: Insights from Theory. Royal Society Open Science. 2021. The thermodynamic and kinetic calculations were applied to evaluate the HOO· radical scavenging activity of sulfuretin (SFR) in the gas phase and solvents (water and pentyl ethanoate) by the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. SFR is predicted to be an excellent HOO• scavenger in water at pH = 7.40 with koverall = 4.75´107 M-1 s-1, principally due to an increase in the activity of the anionic form following the single electron transfer mechanism. Consistently the activity of the neutral form is more prominent in the nonpolar environment with koverall = 1.79´104 M-1 s-1 following the formal hydrogen transfer mechanism. Thus it is predicted that SFR exhibits better HOO· antiradical activity than typical antioxidants such as resveratrol, ascorbic acid, and Trolox in the lipid medium. The hydroperoxyl radical scavenging of SFR in the aqueous solution is ~530 times faster than that of Trolox and similar to ascorbic acid or resveratrol. This suggests that SFR is a promising radical scavenger in physiological environments.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Too much is bad: increasing numbers of livestock and conspecifics reduce body mass in an avian scavenger

Individual traits such as body mass can serve as early warning signals of changes in the fitness prospects of animal populations facing environmental impacts. Here, taking advantage of a 19-year monitoring, we assessed how individual, population and environmental factors modulate long-term changes in the body mass of Canarian Egyptian vultures. Individual vulture body mass increased when primary productivity was highly variable, but decreased in years with a high abundance of livestock. We hypothesized that carcasses of wild animals, a natural food resource that can be essential for avian scavengers, could be more abundant in periods of weather instability but depleted when high livestock numbers lead to over-grazing. In addition, increasing vulture population numbers also negatively affect body mass suggesting density-dependent competition for food. Interestingly, the relative strength of individual, population and resource availability factors on body mass changed with age and territorial status, a pattern presumably shaped by differences in competitive abilities and/or age-dependent environmental knowledge and foraging skills. Our study supports that individual plastic traits may be extremely reliable tools to better understand the response of secondary consumers to current and future natural and human-induced environmental changes.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Puma predation subsidizes an obligate scavenger in the high Andes

The ungulate–carnivore–vulture complex is a key trophic module of many terrestrial ecosystems, but one that is globally under threat. Few have explored cross-species dependencies in this module, and the degree to which vultures rely on trophic facilitation by apex carnivores is rarely known and almost never quantified. We investigated the importance of puma Puma concolor predation on its native camelid prey, vicuñas Vicugna vicugna and guanacos Lama guanicoe, in food provisioning for Andean condors Vultur gryphus in the high Andes of north-western Argentina. We evaluated the origin of wild food sources through carcass surveys. We quantified condor feeding habits via foraging observations and through the analysis of pellet contents and stable isotopes from moulted feathers. Of the 102 fresh camelid carcasses we monitored nearly all (94%) resulted from puma predation, and the majority (85%) of camelid carcasses used by condors were killed by pumas. Camelids represented 88% of the prey items identified from 183 condor pellets, and isotopic analyses of moulted feathers from 86 individuals identified via multilocus genotyping revealed that camelids and livestock were the most important prey items, representing 45–58% and 23–38% of condor assimilated biomass, respectively. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that puma predation plays a key role in the foraging ecology of Andean condors, and highlight the importance of predatory processes that make carrion available to scavengers. We contend that targeting the conservation of ungulate–carnivore–vulture modules, rather than a species-specific approach, will be a more effective strategy to ensure the long-term persistence of Andean condors and other obligate scavengers.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Tracking data and retrospective analyses of diet reveal the consequences of loss of marine subsidies for an obligate scavenger, the Andean condor

Over the last century, marine mammals have been dramatically reduced in the world's oceans. We examined evidence that this change caused dietary and foraging pattern shifts of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) in Patagonia. We hypothesized that, after the decrease in marine mammals and the increase in human use of coastlines, condor diet changed to a more terrestrial diet which, in turn, influenced their foraging patterns. We evaluated the diet by means of stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S) of current (last decade) and historical (1841-1933) feathers. We further evaluated the movement patterns of 23 condors using satellite tracking of individuals. Condors reduced their use of marine-derived prey in recent compared to historical times from 33±13% to less than 8±3% respectively, however, they still breed close to the coast. The average distance between the coast and nests was 62.5 km. Some nests were located close to the sea, but some birds forage up to 86k m from nesting sites and must cross over the mountain range to find food. The worldwide reduction in marine mammal carcasses, especially whales, may have major consequences on the foraging ecology of scavengers as well as on the flux of marine inputs within terrestrial ecosystems.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Climatic factors shape plastic trade-offs in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae)

Aim: Trade-offs allow individuals to optimize their fitness by tailoring the investment into different traits to variable environmental conditions, such as along geographic gradients. Trade-offs thus can help in adjusting to changing thermal and insolation profiles, especially in small ectotherms, whose body temperature typically follows environmental temperatures closely. Two traits usually involved in latitudinal adaptation are body size and melanism. Since both traits are costly, individuals need to optimize investment into each trait. Here we studied how environmental factors influence this trade-off in the short and long term. Location: Europe Methods: We raised flies from 15 latitudinal populations at three constant temperatures in a laboratory common garden to differentiate plastic and evolutionary responses to temperature. We further analysed how the different insolation components of the populations' habitats influenced the evolution of the trade-off. Results: Male Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae) feature a sigmoid relationship between melanism and body size, defining two strikingly different male morphs: obsidian (small and black) and amber (large and orange). This relationship was altered by the developmental temperature, documenting its plasticity. The relationship further evolved across populations in response to the environmental characteristics of their habitat, notably temperature, insolation and UV radiation, suggesting that plasticity also has an underlying genetic basis. Nevertheless, melanism, but not body size, merely slightly increased with latitude. Main Conclusions: As the plastic and evolutionary responses of the relationship to temperature differed, plasticity does not necessarily follow the direction of evolution of this trade-off, but rather adds to it. Our study evinces the role of several environmental factors in shaping the evolution of a plastic melanism – body size relationship defining a rare male polymorphism in temperate sepsid flies.

opennotspecifiedDec 2007View details →

FIGURE 1 in Stephonyx arabiensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Uristidae), a new deep-water scavenger species from the Indian Ocean, with a key to the genus Stephonyx

FIGURE 1: Stephonyx arabiensis sp.nov. X—Holotype female, 26.7mm; Y—Allotype: male, 24.9mm; Z—immature female paratype, 18.3mm.

FIGURE 8 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 8. Consumption of local baited fish (vertebral columns of Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) and skin of undetermined deep-sea shark) by benthic scavengers (mainly Politolana sanchezi sp. nov.) during a 12h TFS night trophic experiment on the bottom of the Cantabrian continental slope (15–16/04/2004, 602 m depth). (Photo: F. Sánchez).

FIGURE 4 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 4. Politolana sanchezi sp. nov., (A–G) paratype male (MNCN 20.04/8351); posterior face of left pereopods: (A) pereopod 1, (B) pereopod 2, (C) pereopod 3, (D) pereopod 4, (E) pereopod 5, (F) pereopod 6, (G) pereopod 7. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 3. Politolana sanchezi sp. nov., (A) holotype male (MNCN 20.04/8350); (B–G) paratype male (MNCN 20.04/ 8351); (A) frontal lamina, clypeus and labrum, (B) antennule, (C) antenna, (D) dorsal view of left mandible, (E) dorsal view of left maxillule, (F) dorsal view of left maxilla, (G) dorsal view of left maxilliped. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 2. Politolana sanchezi sp. nov., (A) lateral and (B) dorsal views of holotype male (MNCN 20.04/8350); (C) pleotelson apex of paratype male (MNCN 20.04/8351) in dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm, C = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 1. Geographical location of sampling stations where the isopod Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. was collected in the southeastern Bay of Biscay. Square: suprabenthic sledge; rhombus: fish-baited trap mounted on photogrammetric sledge; triangle: Flusha box corer.

FIGURE 5 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 5. Politolana sanchezi sp. nov., (A–C) paratype male (MNCN 20.04/8352), (D) paratype male (MNCN 20.04/ 8351); posterior face of left pleopods: (A) pleopod 1, (B) pleopod 2, (C) pleopod 5; (D) ventral view of left uropod. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 7. Bioturbation of surficial sediments related to the scavenging behaviour of benthic crustaceans (mainly represented by the isopod Politolana sanchezi sp. nov.) during a 12h TFS night trophic experiment on the Cantabrian continental slope (15–16/04/2004, 602 m depth). A: photo n°1 (20h18) showing the initial bottom aspect with regular ripple marks at the beginning of the sequence. B: photo n° 20 (23h30) showing numerous isopods attracted by the baited fish of the trap, the disappearance of ripple marks in the area close to the sledge where the bioturbating activity of scavengers is maximal, the cloudy aspect of the near-bottom water just above the bioturbated area due to the presence of resuspended muddy bottom particles. (Photos: F. Sánchez).

FIGURE 6 in Politolana sanchezi sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae), a new benthic bioturbating scavenger from bathyal soft-bottoms of the southern Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic Ocean)

FIGURE 6. Geographical distribution of Politolana species, based on data from Wetzer et al. 1986, Riseman et al. 2001, 2002. Each species symbol on the planisphere is located at the sampling station of the corresponding holotype, except for P. eximia (original station not known; symbol positioned centrally on the Brazilian coast).

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

FIGURES 1–3 in Dieneremia rueckeri, a new genus and species of minute brown scavenger beetle from Baltic amber, with notes on other fossil Latridiidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)

FIGURES 1–3. Dieneremia rueckeri gen. et sp. nov., holotype. 1, dorsal habitus; 2, ventral habitus; 3, closeup of head and prothorax, dorsal view.