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4,120 results for “sex”
Age, sex, length (mm), weight (g), and plasma sex steroid concentrations (ng/ml) of greater amberjack Seriola dumerili reared in sea cages during the process of sex differentiation
<p>The dataset contains an excel file with the age, sex, total length (mm), wet weight (g) and plasma concentrations (ng/ml) of the following sex steroids, measured with the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS): adrenosterone (Ad), androstenedione (Δ4), 11-ketotestosterone (11ΚΤ), testosterone (Τ), estradiol (Ε2), progesterone (P4) and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP).</p>
Data_Figure1(A-D)_AKR1D1 knockout mice develop a sex dependent metabolic phenotype
<p>Data of Fig1 Pannel A-D, “AKR1D1 knockout mice develop a sex dependent metabolic phenotype”</p> <p>The Dataset contains the original figure 1 (Pannel A-D) as PNG-format (10.1530JOE-21-0280_Fig1A-D.PNG). Corresponding raw from LC-MS/MS measurements are provided as one file in CSV format (31003A-179400_10.1530_JOE-21-0280_AKR1D1_SS_DVK_4_Fig1.csv), all further experiment related information (meta-data) as one file in TXT format (31003A-179400_10.1530_JOE-21-0280_AKR1D1_SS_DVK_4_Fig1_M1.txt), one file in PDF format (31003A-179400_10.1530_JOE-21-0280_AKR1D1_SS_DVK_4_Fig1_M2.pdf) and one file as CSV format (31003A-179400_10.1530_JOE-21-0280_AKR1D1_SS_DVK_4_Fig1_M3.csv).</p>
Fig. 16. Sex ratioin M. daubentonii and P in Results Of The 10-Year Monitoring Of Bat (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) Winter Aggregation From The North-Eastern Ukraine (Liptsy Mines, Kharkiv Region)
Fig. 16. Sex ratioin M. daubentonii and P. auritus during autumn swarming and spring departure periods — an example from Liptsy 1 mine: VIII–V — number of months, August to May; n — number of bats; Mdau — M. daubentonii; Paur — P. auritus.
Fig. 3 in Sex Differences And Sex Identification In The Small-Scaled Scorpionfish, Scorpaena Porcus (Scorpaenidae, Scorpaeniformes)
Fig. 3. Coefficient of variation (CV, %) for relative values of plastic features in adult males (M) and females (F).
Fig. 2 in Sex Differences And Sex Identification In The Small-Scaled Scorpionfish, Scorpaena Porcus (Scorpaenidae, Scorpaeniformes)
Fig. 2. Coefficient of variation (CV, %) for 21 plastic characters in adult males (M) and females (F).
Fig. 1 in Sex Differences And Sex Identification In The Small-Scaled Scorpionfish, Scorpaena Porcus (Scorpaenidae, Scorpaeniformes)
Fig. 1. Differentiation of males of the small-scaled scorpionfish on absolute values of 21 plastic characters.
Food deprivation exposes sex-specific trade-offs between stress tolerance and lifespan in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
<p>Long life is standardly assumed to be associated with high stress tolerance. Previous work shows that the copepod <em>Tigriopus californicus</em> breaks this rule, with longer lifespan under benign conditions found in males, the sex with lower stress tolerance. Here we extended this previous work, raising animals from the same families in food-replete conditions until adulthood and then transferring them to food-limited conditions until all animals perished. As in previous work, survivorship under food-replete conditions favored males. However, under food deprivation lifespan strongly favored females in all crosses. Compared to benign conditions, average lifespan under nutritional stress was reduced by 47% in males but only 32% in females. Further, the sex-specific mitonuclear effects previously found under benign conditions were erased under food limited conditions. Results thus demonstrate that sex-specific lifespan, including mitonuclear interactions, are highly dependent on nutritional environment.</p>
Sex-specific body mass aging trajectories in adult Asian elephants
<p><span>In species with marked sexual dimorphism, the classic prediction is that the sex which undergoes stronger intrasexual competition ages earlier or quicker. However, more recently, alternative hypotheses have been put forward, showing that this association can be disrupted. Here, we utilise a unique, longitudinal dataset of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants (<em>Elephas maximus</em>), a species with marked male-biased intrasexual competition, with males being larger and having shorter lifespans, and investigate whether males show earlier and/or faster body mass ageing than females. We found evidence of sex-specific body mass ageing trajectories: adult males gained weight up to the age of 48 years old, followed by a decrease in body mass until natural death. In contrast, adult females gained body mass with age until a body mass decline in the last year of life. Our study shows sex-specific ageing patterns, with an earlier onset of body mass declines in males than females, which is consistent with the predictions of the classical theory of ageing.</span></p>
Asymmetric density-dependent competition does not contribute to the maintenance of sex in a mixed population of sexual and asexual Potamopyrgus antipodarum
<p>Asexual reproduction is expected to have a two-fold reproductive advantage over sexual reproduction, owing to the cost of producing males in sexual subpopulations. The persistence of sexual females thus requires an advantage to sexual reproduction, at least periodically. Here we tested the hypothesis that asexual females are more sensitive to limited resources. Under this idea, fluctuations in the availability of resources (<em>per capita</em>) could periodically favor sexual females when resources become limited. We combined sexual and asexual freshwater snails (<em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>) together in nylon mesh enclosures at three different densities in an outdoor mesocosm. After one month, we counted the brood size of fertile female snails. We found that fecundity declined significantly with increasing density. However, sexual females did not produce more offspring than asexual females at any of the experimental densities. Our results thus suggest that the cost of sexual reproduction in <em>P. antipodarum</em> is not ameliorated by periods of intense resource competition.</p>
Data from: Chromosome-scale assembly with a phased sex-determining region resolves features of early Z and W chromosome differentiation in a wild octoploid strawberry
<p>Abstract: When sex chromosomes stop recombining, they start to accumulate differences. The sex-limited chromosome (Y or W) especially is expected to degenerate via the loss of nucleotide sequence and the accumulation of repetitive sequences. However, how early signs of degeneration can be detected in a new sex chromosome is still unclear. The sex determining region (SDR) of the octoploid strawberries is young, small, and dynamic. Using PacBio HiFi reads, we obtained a chromosome scale assembly of a female (ZW) <em>Fragaria chiloensis</em> plant carrying the youngest and largest of the known SDR on the W in strawberries. We fully characterized the previously incomplete SDR, confirming its gene content, genomic location and evolutionary history. Resolution of gaps in the previous characterization of the SDR added 10 kbp of sequence including a non-canonical LTR-retrotransposon; whereas the Z sequence revealed a <em>Harbinger</em> transposable element adjoining the SDR insertion site. Limited genetic differentiation of the sex chromosomes coupled with structural variation may indicate an early stage of W degeneration. The sex chromosomes have a similar percentage of repeats but differ in their repeat distribution. Differences in the pattern of repeats (transposable element polymorphism) apparently precede sex chromosome differentiation, thus potentially contributing to recombination cessation as opposed to being a consequence of it.</p> <p>Repository content: data (sequence alignments, phylogenetic trees, genome assembly, and vcf files) and scripts associated with the manuscript "Chromosome-scale assembly with a phased sex-determining region resolves features of early Z and W chromosome differentiation in a wild octoploid strawberry"</p>
Data from: Sex-specific life history affected by stocking in juvenile brown trout
<p>Salmonids are a socioeconomically and ecologically important group of fish that are often managed by stocking. Little is known about potential sex-specific effects of stocking, but recent studies found that the sexes differ in their stress tolerances already at late embryonic stage, i.e., before hatchery-born larvae are released into the wild and long before morphological gonad formation. It has also been speculated that sex-specific life histories can affect juvenile growth and mortality, and that a resulting sex-biassed demography can reduce population growth. Here we test whether juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) show sex-specific life histories and whether such sex effects differ in hatchery- and wild-born fish. We modified a genetic sexing protocol to reduce false assignment rates and used it to study the timing of sex differentiation in a laboratory setting, and in a large-scale field experiment to study growth and mortality of hatchery and wild-born fish in different environments. We found no sex-specific mortality in any of the environments we studied. However, females started sex differentiation earlier than males, and while growth rates were similar in the laboratory, they differed significantly in the field depending on location and origin of fish. Overall, hatchery-born males grew larger than hatchery-born females while wild-born fish showed the reverse pattern. Whether males or females grew larger was location-specific. We conclude that juvenile brown trout show sex-specific growth that is affected by stocking and by other environmental factors that remain to be identified.</p>
Sex-specific tuning of modular muscle activation patterns for locomotion in young and older adults
<p>There is increasing evidence that including sex as a biological variable is of crucial importance to promote rigorous, repeatable and reproducible science. In spite of this, the body of literature that accounts for the sex of participants in human locomotion studies is small and often produces controversial results. Here, we investigated the modular organization of muscle activation patterns for human locomotion using the concept of muscle synergies with a double purpose: i) uncover possible sex-specific characteristics of motor control and ii) assess whether these are maintained in older age. We recorded electromyographic activities from 13 ipsilateral muscles of the lower limb in young and older adults of both sexes walking (young and old) and running (young) on a treadmill. The data set obtained from the 215 participants was elaborated through non-negative matrix factorization to extract the time-independent (i.e., motor modules) and time-dependent (i.e., motor primitives) coefficients of muscle synergies. We found sparse sex-specific modulations of motor control. Motor modules showed a different contribution of hip extensors, knee extensors and foot dorsiflexors in various synergies. Motor primitives were wider (i.e., lasted longer) in males in the propulsion synergy for walking (but only in young and not in older adults) and in the weight acceptance synergy for running. Moreover, the complexity of motor primitives was similar in younger adults of both sexes, but lower in older females as compared to older males. In essence, our results revealed the existence of small but defined sex-specific differences in the way humans control locomotion and that these strategies are not entirely maintained in older age.</p> <p>In this supplementary data set we made available: a) the metadata with anonymized participant information; b) the raw EMG, already concatenated for the overground trials; c) the touchdown and lift-off timings of the recorded limb, d) the code to process the data. In total, 520 trials from 215 participants are included in the supplementary data set.</p> <p>The file “metadata.dat” is available in ASCII format and contains:</p> <ul> <li>Code: the participant’s code</li> <li>Group: the participant's group (G1=young adults, walking; G2=old adults, walking; G3=young adults, running)</li> <li>Sex: the participant’s sex (M or F)</li> <li>Locomotion: the type of locomotion (walking or running)</li> <li>Speed: the speed at which the recordings were conducted in [m/s]</li> <li>Speed_type: the distinction between fixed (decided by the researchers) or preferred (selected by the participant) speed</li> <li>Age: the participant’s age in years</li> <li>Height: the participant’s height in [cm]</li> <li>Mass: the participant’s body mass in [kg].</li> </ul> <p>The "RAW_DATA.RData" R list consists of elements of S3 class "EMG", each of which is a human locomotion trial containing cycle segmentation timings and raw electromyographic (EMG) data from 13 muscles of the right-side leg. Cycle times are structured as data frames containing two columns that correspond to touchdown (first column) and lift-off (second column). Raw EMG data sets are also structured as data frames with one row for each recorded data point and 14 columns. The first column contains the incremental time in seconds. The remaining 13 columns contain the raw EMG data, named with the following muscle abbreviations: ME = gluteus medius, MA = gluteus maximus, FL = tensor fasciæ latæ, RF = rectus femoris, VM = vastus medialis, VL = vastus lateralis, ST = semitendinosus, BF = biceps femoris, TA = tibialis anterior, PL = peroneus longus, GM = gastrocnemius medialis, GL = gastrocnemius lateralis, SO = soleus. Trials are named like “ID0020_M_YOUNG_TW_01,” where the characters “ID0020” indicate the participant number (in this example the 20th), the character “M” indicates the sex, the characters “YOUNG” indicate the age group, the characters “TW” indicate the locomotion type and environment (T=treadmill, W=walking, R=running), and the numbers “01” indicate the trial number.</p> <p><strong>Old versions not compatible with the R package <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=musclesyneRgies">musclesyneRgies</a></strong></p> <p>The files containing the gait cycle breakdown are available in RData format, in the file named “CYCLE_TIMES.RData”. The files are structured as data frames with one row for each gait cycle and two columns. The first column contains the touchdown incremental times in seconds. The second column contains the duration of each stance phase in seconds. Each trial is saved as an element of a single R list. Trials are named like “CYCLE_TIMES_ID0020_M_YOUNG_TW_01,” where the characters “CYCLE_TIMES” indicate that the trial contains the gait cycle breakdown times, the characters “ID0020” indicate the participant number (in this example the 20th), the character “M” indicates the sex, the characters “YOUNG” indicate the age group, the characters “TW” indicate the locomotion type and environment (T=treadmill, W=walking, R=running), and the numbers “01” indicate the trial number.</p> <p>The files containing the raw, filtered, and the normalized EMG data are available in RData format, in the files named “RAW_EMG.RData” and “FILT_EMG.RData”. The raw EMG files are structured as data frames with one row for each recorded data point and 14 columns. The first column contains the incremental time in seconds. The remaining 13 columns contain the raw EMG data, named with the following muscle abbreviations: ME = gluteus medius, MA = gluteus maximus, FL = tensor fasciæ latæ, RF = rectus femoris, VM = vastus medialis, VL = vastus lateralis, ST = semitendinosus, BF = biceps femoris, TA = tibialis anterior, PL = peroneus longus, GM = gastrocnemius medialis, GL = gastrocnemius lateralis, SO = soleus. Each trial is saved as an element of a single R list. Trials are named like “RAW_EMG_ID0003_F_OLD_TW_01”, where the characters “RAW_EMG” indicate that the trial contains raw emg data, the characters “ID0003” indicate the participant number (in this example the 3rd), the character “F” indicates the sex, the characters “OLD” indicate the age group, the characters “TW” indicate the locomotion type and environment (see above), and the numbers “01” indicate the trial number.</p> <p>All the code used for the pre-processing of EMG data and the extraction of muscle synergies is available in R format. Explanatory comments are profusely present throughout the script “muscle_synergies.R”. The latest version of this code can be found at https://github.com/alesantuz/musclesyneRgies.</p>
Prosocial behavior in adult mice is sex-dependent
<p>The data from three behavioral test performed on adult male and female C57BL/6 mice.</p> <p><strong>1_Misiolek_et_al_2022_Prosocial.csv</strong></p> <p>Two-choice food motivated prosocial behavior task.</p> <p><strong>2_Misiolek_et_al_2022_SCPP.csv</strong></p> <p>Social conditioned place preference test.</p> <p><strong>3_Misiolek_et_al_2022_Affective_State_Discriminatiion.csv</strong></p> <p>Affective State Discrimination test.</p>
Data from: Bateman gradients reflect variation in sexual selection in a species with dynamic sex roles
<p class="MsoNormal">Bateman gradients, the slope of the regression of reproductive success on mating success, are among the most commonly reported measures of sexual selection. They are particularly insightful in species with reversed sex roles, where females are expected to be under sexual selection. We measured Bateman gradients in replicate experimental populations of the spermatophore gift-giving bushcricket <em>Kawanaphila nartee </em>(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). In this species, the operational sex ratio (OSR) and thus the sex competing for mates varies depending on the availability of pollen food resources: under pollen-limited regimens females are more competitive, whereas under pollen-rich regimens males are more competitive. We maintained populations in enclosures with either limited or supplemented pollen, and calculated Bateman gradients for males and females under both conditions. Bateman gradients were significantly positive in males, and the slope was steeper in pollen-supplemented populations where the OSR was more male-biased. Bateman gradients for females were shallow and nonsignificant regardless of pollen availability. Our results show that the strength of sexual selection on males can depend on environmental context. The lack of significant gradients among females may reflect experimental limitations on our ability to estimate Bateman gradients in female <em>K. nartee</em>.</p>
Two-sex integrated population model reveals intersexual differences in life history strategies in Cooper's Hawks
<p>This site contains data files and model code for a dynamic nesting territory occupance model and 2-sex integrated population model for Cooper's hawks in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, 2011 - 2020.</p>
Seasonal but not sex-biased gene expression of the carotenoid ketolase, CYP2J19, in the sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix)
<p>Intense red colors in birds are often due to ketocarotenoids (KCs). In many land birds, KCs are oxidized from dietary yellow precursors, presumably by the avian carotenoid ketolase CYP2J19, the regulation and constraints of which have important implications for condition-dependence and honest signaling of carotenoid color displays. Here we investigate hepatic CYP2J19 gene expression in the seasonally and sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix) in relation to season, sex, progression of the prenuptial moult, testis size, body condition, reflectance-based redness (hue), and circulating sex steroids. A coloration function of CYP2J19 is supported by seasonal upregulation prior to and during the carotenoid-depositing stage of the male prenuptial moult. However, upregulation was similar in females (which do not moult prenuptially), and remained high in males after moult, suggesting additional or alternative functions of hepatic CYP2J19 or its products, such as detoxification or antioxidants, respectively. In males, the CYP2J19 upregulation preceded and was unrelated to the rise in plasma testosterone, but was correlated with androstenedione, likely of adrenal origin and compatible with luteinizing hormone-induced and (in females) estrogen-suppressed moult. Finally, contrary to ideas that carotenoid ketolation rate mediates honest signaling, CYP2J19 expression was not related to male body condition or plumage redness.</p>
Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)
<p>Wildfires can modify habitat attributes, and those changes may differentially affect males versus females within a species if there is pre-existing niche divergence between the sexes. We used radio-tracking and dissections to study invasive cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>), and performed transect counts on native frogs and cane toads 12 months after extensive fires in forests of eastern Australia. Both toads and native frogs were encountered more frequently in burned sites than in unburned sites. Most microhabitat features were similar between burned versus unburned areas, but fire had differential impacts on the ecology of male versus female toads. In burned areas females were less numerous but were larger, in better body condition, and had consumed more prey (especially, coleopterans and myriapods). The impact of fire on attributes of retreat-sites (e.g., temperature, density of vegetation cover) also differed between the sexes. More generally, intraspecific divergence in ecological traits within a species (as a function of body size as well as sex) may translate into substantial divergences in the impacts of habitat change.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary divergence via sexual selection acting on females in a species with sex role reversal
<p>1. There is much evidence that sexual selection drives the evolutionary divergence of male sexual traits, but little is known of females.</p> <p>2. Comparisons between neutral genetic divergence (FST) and phenotypic divergence (PST) among populations can reveal evolutionary responses to selection.</p> <p>3. In the bushcricket <em>Kawanaphila nartee</em>, changes in floral food availability cause sex roles to shift from competitive females and choosy males to choosy females and competitive males midway through the breeding season. Males call to attract females, and female auditory spiracle size is under sexual selection. We ask whether selection on females can drive an evolutionary divergence in auditory spiracle size among populations.</p> <p>4. We sampled 188 individuals from nine geographic locations and analysed 9,478 neutral SNP loci and two phenotypic characters to estimate FST and PST, respectively.</p> <p>5. We found that PST for female auditory spiracle size far exceeded the global FST, suggesting that female auditory spiracle size is subject to strong directional selection. We relate differences in phenotypic traits to differences in geological and floristic characteristics among the sites.</p> <p>6. Our data suggest that variation in sexual selection driven by variation in the floristic community on which this species feeds may contribute to the strength of directional selection acting on female <em>K. nartee</em> among populations.</p> <p>7. Together, these findings indicate that divergence among populations can be driven by sexual selection acting on females, even when that selection is temporary and circumscribed.</p>
Data belonging to the article: Estimating pre-harvest density, adult sex ratio and fecundity of white-tailed deer using wildlife cameras
<p>Adult sex ratio and fecundity (juveniles per female) are key population parameters in sustainable wildlife management, but inferring these requires abundance estimates of at least three age/sex classes of the population (male and female adults and juveniles). Prior to harvest, we used an array of 36 wildlife camera traps during 2 and 3 weeks in the early autumn of 2016 and 2017 respectively. We recorded white-tailed deer adult males, adult females and fawns from the pictures. Simultaneously, we collected fecal DNA (fDNA) from 92 20mx20m plots placed in 23 clusters of four plots between the camera traps. We identified individuals from fDNA samples with microsatellite markers and estimated the total sex ratio and population density using Spatial Capture Recapture (SCR). The fDNA-SCR analysis concluded equal sex ratio in the first year and female bias in the second year, and no difference in space use between sexes (fawns and adults combined). Camera information was analyzed in a Spatial Capture (SC) framework assuming an informative prior for animals' space use, either (1) as estimated by fDNA-SCR (same for all age/sex classes), (2) as assumed from the literature (space use of adult males larger than adult females and fawns), (3) by inferring adult male space use from individually-identified males from the camera pictures. These various SC approaches produced plausible inferences on fecundity, but also inferred total density to be lower than the estimate provided by fDNA-SCR in one of the study years. SC approaches where adult male and female were allowed to differ in their space use suggested the population had a female-biased adult sex ratio. In conclusion, SC approaches allowed estimating the pre-harvest population parameters of interest and provided conservative density estimates.</p>
Data from: The evolution of sex similarities in social signals: Climatic seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism and greater elaboration of female and male signals in antbirds (Thamnophilidae)
<p>Selection on signals that mediate social competition varies with resource availability. Climate regulates resource availability, which may affect the strength of competition and selection on signals. Traditionally, this meant that more seasonal, colder, or dryer – overall harsher – environments should favor the elaboration of male signals under stronger male-male competition, increasing sexual dimorphism. However, females also use signals to compete; thus, harsher environments could strengthen competition and favor elaboration of signals in both sexes, decreasing sexual dimorphism. Alternatively, harsher environments could decrease sexual dimorphism due to scarcer resources to invest in signal elaboration in both sexes. We evaluated these contrasting hypotheses in antbirds, a family of Neotropical passerines that varies in female and male signals and occurs across diverse climatic regimes. We tested the association of sexual dimorphism of plumage coloration and songs with temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. We found that greater seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism in plumage coloration and greater elaboration of visual signals in both sexes, but not acoustic signals. Our results suggest that greater seasonality may be associated with convergent elaboration of female and male visual signals, highlighting the role of signals of both sexes in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.