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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Supplements - Apomictic fern fathers: An experimental approach to the reproductive characteristics of sexual, apomict and hybrid fern gametophytes

Supplementary files for the article "Apomictic fern fathers: An experimental approach to the reproductive characteristics of sexual, apomict and hybrid fern gametophytes" published in American Journal of Botany

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In search of an honest butterfly: Sexually selected wing coloration and reproductive traits from wild populations of the Cabbage White Butterfly

Abstract Sexual selection is central to many theories on mate selection and individual behavior. Relatively little is known, however, about the impacts that human-induced rapid environmental change are having on secondary sexually selected characteristics. Honest signals function as an indicator of mate quality when there are differences in nutrient acquisition and are thus potentially sensitive to anthropogenically altered nutrient inputs. We used the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), to investigate differences in color and testes size in a system that is often exposed to agricultural landscapes with nitrogen addition. We collected individuals from four sites in California and Nevada to investigate variation in key traits and the possibility that any relationship between wing color and a reproductive trait (testes size) could vary among locations in the focal butterfly. Coloration variables and testes size were positively albeit weakly associated across sites, consistent with the hypothesis that females could use nitrogen-based coloration in the cabbage white as an indicator for a male mating trait that has the potential to confer elevated mating success in progeny. However, variation in testes size and in the relationship between testes size and wing color suggest complexities that need exploration, including the possibility that the signal is not of equal value in all populations. Thus these results advance our understanding of complex relationships among environmental change and sexual selection in the wild.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

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The evolutionary history of Cardamine bulbifera shows a successful rapid postglacial Eurasian range expansion in the absence of sexual reproduction

Background and Aims Sexual reproduction is known to drive plant diversification and adaptation. Here we investigate the evolutionary history and spatiotemporal origin of a dodecaploid (2n = 12x = 96) Eurasian deciduous woodland species, Cardamine bulbifera, which reproduces and spreads via vegetative bulb-like structures only. The species has been among the most successful range-expanding understorey woodland plants in Europe, which raises the question of the genetic architecture of its gene pool, since its hexaploid (2n = 6x = 48) but putatively outcrossing closest relative, C. quinquefolia, displays a smaller distribution range in Eastern Europe towards the Caucasus region. Cardamine bulbifera belongs to a small monophyletic clade of four species comprising also C. abchasica (2n = 2x = 16) and C. bipinnata (unknown ploidy) from the Caucasus region. Methods We sequenced the genomes of the two polyploids and their two putative ancestors using Illumina short-read sequencing technology (×7–8 coverage). Covering the entire distribution range, genomic data were generated for 67 samples of the two polyploids (51 samples of C. bulbifera, 16 samples of C. quinquefolia) and 6 samples of the putative diploid taxa (4 samples of C. abchasica, 2 samples of C. bipinnata) to unravel the evolutionary origin of the polyploid taxa using phylogenetic reconstructions of biparentally and maternally inherited genetic sequence data. Ploidy levels of C. bulbifera and C. quinquefolia were analysed by comparative chromosome painting. We used genetic assignment analysis (STRUCTURE) and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) modelling to test whether C. bulbifera represents genetically differentiated lineages and addressed the hypothesis of its hybrid origin. Comparative ecological modelling was applied to unravel possible niche differentiation among the two polyploid species. Key Results Cardamine bulbifera was shown to be a non-hybridogenous, auto-dodecaploid taxon of early Pleistocene origin, but with a history of past gene flow with its hexaploid sister species C. quinquefolia, likely during the last glacial maximum in shared refuge areas in Eastern Europe towards Western Turkey and the Crimean Peninsula region. The diploid Caucasian endemic C. abchasica is considered an ancestral species, which also provides evidence for the origin of the species complex in the Caucasus region. Cardamine bulbifera successfully expanded its distribution range postglacially towards Central and Western Europe accompanied by a transition to exclusively vegetative propagation. Conclusions A transition to vegetative propagation in C. bulbifera is hypothesized as the major innovation to rapidly expand its distribution range following postglacially progressing woodland vegetation throughout Europe. Preceding and introgressive gene flow from its sister species C. quinquefolia in the joint refuge area is documented. This transition and ecological differentiation may have been triggered by preceding introgressive gene flow from its sister species in the joint East European refuge areas.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

opennotspecifiedOct 2017View details →

Fig. 3 in Phenotypic influences on the reproductive strategy of the facultative sexual rotifer Brachionus rubens (Monogononta)

Fig. 3 Percentage of sexual offspring as a function of their birth rank for three different treatments (food, temperature, and acclimation) and all combinations thereof. Bars in black represent significant deviations from the expected percentage of sexual offspring across a given treatment (continuous line) by falling outside the 95% confidence intervals of this value for that rank (dashed line; lower limit is zero if not visible)

opennotspecifiedAug 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Sex or no sex? Group I introns and independent marker genes reveal the existence of three sexual but reproductively isolated biospecies in Trichia varia (Myxomycetes)

Fig. 1 Three-gene phylogeny of Trichia varia. a Associations between partial SSU and partial COI genotypes within the three groups (1, 2a, 2b). Dotted lines indicate associations found in one specimen, dashed lines in two to five specimens, and solid lines more than five specimens. b Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree of combined partial sequences of

opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

Fig. 1 Pattern representing a in Genetic analysis of dicyemid infrapopulations suggests sexual reproduction and host colonization by multiple individuals is common

Fig. 1 Pattern representing a distribution of microsatellite alleles in individual dicyemids. Dicyemids in each host individual did not share identical patterns of microsatellite alleles. Each row represents a single dicyemid individual. Microsatellite alleles are colour coded according to

opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Genetic analysis of dicyemid infrapopulations suggests sexual reproduction and host colonization by multiple individuals is common

Fig. 3 Percentage of variance present in the samples (based on the four-level AMOVA computed in Arlequin using Rst metrics). Groups set as two localities from Tyrrhenian (Italy, Naples) and Adriatic seas (Pula, Croatia). Hierarchical levels showing significant variation (p <0.05) are marked by an asterisk

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Data from: Within-population covariation between sexual reproduction and susceptibility to local parasites

Evolutionary biology has yet to reconcile the ubiquity of sex with its costs relative to asexual reproduction. Here, we test the hypothesis that coevolving parasites maintain sex in their hosts. Specifically, we examined the distributions of sexual reproduction and susceptibility to local parasites within a single population of freshwater snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum). Susceptibility to local trematode parasites (Microphallus sp.) is a relative measure of the strength of coevolutionary selection in this system. Thus, if coevolving parasites maintain sex, sexual snails should be common where susceptibility is high. We tested this prediction in a mixed population of sexual and asexual snails by measuring the susceptibility of snails from multiple sites in a lake. Consistent with the prediction, the frequency of sexual snails was tightly and positively correlated with susceptibility to local parasites. Strikingly, in just two years, asexual females increased in frequency at sites where susceptibility declined. We also found that the frequency of sexual females covaries more strongly with susceptibility than with the prevalence of Microphallus infection in the field. In linking susceptibility to the frequency of sexual hosts, our results directly implicate spatial variation in coevolutionary selection in driving the geographic mosaic of sex.

opencc-zeroJun 2016View details →

opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

FIGURES 1, 2 in Investigation of evolutionary effects on the relative frequency of sexual reproduction in freshwater diatoms

FIGURES 1, 2: Size distribution and modelled size classes in Cyclotella meneghiniana and Rhopalodia gibba. Fig. 1a: Observed size class distribution of Cyclotella meneghiniana valves. Fig. 1b: Modelled size class distribution based on combination of binomial curves fit to smoothed data. Fig. 2a: Observed size class distribution of Rhopalodia gibba valves. Fig. 2b: Modelled size class distribution based on combination of binomial curves fit to smoothed data.

Figure 5 in Reproduction, diet and sexual dimorphism of Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825 (Sauria: Squamata) from a Restinga area in northeastern Brazil

Figure 5. Linear regression between SVL (Snout-vent length) and prey size of Gymnodactylus geckoides from a Restinga Fragment at Centro de Lançamento da Barreira do Inferno, Parnamirim Municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

Figure 4 in Reproduction, diet and sexual dimorphism of Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825 (Sauria: Squamata) from a Restinga area in northeastern Brazil

Figure 4. Distribution of snout-vent lengths per month of male and female Gymnodactylus geckoides from a Restinga fragment in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

Figure 2 in Reproduction, diet and sexual dimorphism of Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825 (Sauria: Squamata) from a Restinga area in northeastern Brazil

Figure 2. Location of Centro de Lançamento da Barreira do Inferno, Parnamirim Municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

Figure 1 in Reproduction, diet and sexual dimorphism of Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825 (Sauria: Squamata) from a Restinga area in northeastern Brazil

Figure 1. Gymnodactylus geckoides (unvouchered specimen), from Centro de Lançamento da Barreira do Inferno, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

Figure 3 in Reproduction, diet and sexual dimorphism of Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825 (Sauria: Squamata) from a Restinga area in northeastern Brazil

Figure 3. Total number of Gymnodactylus geckoides individuals collected per month from a Restinga fragment in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

opennotspecifiedAug 2009View details →

Figure 1 in Sexual dimorphism, reproduction and diet of the casque-headed treefrog Itapotihyla langsdorffii (Hylidae: Lophiohylini)

Figure 1. Amplectant pair of Itapotihyla langsdorffii at the Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, in the State of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Note the size difference between the male and the female. Photo taken by W. Pertel.

Fig. 13 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus

Fig. 13. SEM photographs of females (ZMB 12476: A; ZMB 12474: B–C, E; ZMB 12456: D), male (ZMB 12470: F) of Setaphyes kielensis from Sylt. A: dorsolateral overview, right side of the trunk; B: lateral view of the left side of segments 1–4; C: lateral view of the left side of segments 8–9; D: dorsolateral overview, left side of the trunk; E: lateral view of the left side of segments 5–7; F: lateral view of the left side of segments 9–11. Abbreviations: ldse, laterodorsal setae; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; pdse, paradorsal setae; ppf, primary pectinate fringe. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the number of the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.

Fig. 3 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus

Fig. 3. Diagram of mouth cone and introvert in Setaphyes dentatus showing the distribution and type of scalids by ring and sector. Abbreviations:? position of inner oral styles not revealed; S, sector followed by number of sector.

Fig. 6 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus

Fig. 6. SEM photographs of female (ZMB 12746: B, D, F) and adult of indeterminate sex (ZMB 12750: A, C, E) of Setaphyes dentatus from the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Algeciras population. A: dorsal view of segments 1–4; B: ventral view of segments 1–3; C: dorsal view of segments 4–7; D: ventral view of segments 3–7; E: dorsal view of segments 7–10; F: ventral view of segments 8–10. Abbreviations: ldse, laterodorsal setae; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; mde, middorsal elevation; mdp, middorsal process; pdse, paradorsal setae; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the number of the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.

Fig. 9 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus

Fig. 9. Line art illustration of Setaphyes kielensis. A: Male, ventral view; B: Male, dorsal view; C: Female, segments 1–3, ventral view; D: female, segments 9–11, ventral view. Scale bar: 100 μm. Abbreviations: ap, apodeme; cr, cuticular ridge; cs, cuticular scar; dpl, dorsal placid; ica, intracuticlular atria; ldse, laterodorsal setae; ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; mde, middorsal elevation; ms, muscular scar; ne, nephridiopore; pdse, paradorsal setae; pdss, paradorsal sensory spot; ps, penile spine; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; spf, secondary pectinate fringe; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot; vmtu, ventromedial tube; vpl, ventral placid.

Fig. 12 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus

Fig. 12. SEM photographs of females (ZMB 12456: A, E, G; ZMB 12467: B; ZMB 12471 D), males (ZMB 12477: C, H–I; ZMB 12463: F) of Setaphyes kielensis from Sylt. A: ventral overview; B: ventral view of segments 1–4; C: ventral view of segments 1–2; D: right sternal plates of segments 2–3; E: ventral view of segments 6–8; F: ventral overview; G: ventral view of segments 9–10; H: ventral view of segments 10–11; I: detail of the penile spines and bristles. Abbreviations: br, bristle; gco, glandular cell outlets; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; ps, penile spines; sp, spermatophore; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae; vmtu, ventromedial tube. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.