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166 results for “sexual size dimorphism”
Figures 5–6. Optimal trees obtained under Bayesian analyses. Fig. 5. Mkv model. Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figures 5–6. Optimal trees obtained under Bayesian analyses. Fig. 5. Mkv model. Fig. 6. MkvG model. Posterior probabilities values are indicated below branches.
Figures 3–4. Optimal trees obtained under parsimony analyses. Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figures 3–4. Optimal trees obtained under parsimony analyses. Fig. 3. Unweighted analysis [length = 575.3; consistency index (CI) = 0.305; retention index (RI) = 0.693]. Fig. 4. Implied weighted analysis (k = 5; length = 579.718; fit = 105; CI = 0.303; RI = 0.689). Bremer supports and symmetric resampling values are indicated below and above branches, respectively. Symmetric resampling values are given in frequency differences (GC; Goloboff et al., 2003).
Figures 1–2. Abdominal spine homology and measurements taken for this study. Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figures 1–2. Abdominal spine homology and measurements taken for this study. Fig. 1. Chaetacis bandeirante, female habitus, dorsal. Arrows indicate primary apodemes. Fig. 2. Chaetacis bandeirante, female habitus, lateral. Abbreviations: AS, anterior spine; AW, abdomen width; CL, carapace length; CW, carapace width; ES, eye interdistance; FL, femur length; FSL, first posterior spine length; LS1, first lateral spine; LS2, second lateral spine; LS3, third lateral spine; PS1, first posterior spine; PS2, second posterior spine; PS3, third posterior spine; RW, rim width; SCL, spinneret cone length. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Are evolutionary transitions in sexual size dimorphism related to sex determination in reptiles? - Electronic supplementary material
<p class="western"><span><span><span><span>Sex determination systems are highly variable in vertebrates, although neither the causes nor the implications of this diversity are fully understood. Theory suggests that sex determination is expected to relate to sexual size dimorphism, because environmental sex determination promotes sex-specific developmental bias in embryonic growth rates. Furthermore, selection for larger size in one sex or the other has been proposed to drive the evolution of different genetic sex determination systems. Here we investigate whether sex determination systems relate to adult sexual size dimorphism, using 250 species of reptiles (Squamata, Testudines, Crocodylia) representing 26 families. Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we find that sexual size dimorphism is associated with sex determination: species with TSDIa sex determination (i.e. in which the proportion of female offspring increases with incubation temperature), have more female-biased size dimorphism than species with TSDII (i.e., species in which males are produced at mid temperatures). We also found a trend that species with TSD ancestors had more male-biased size dimorphism in XY sex-chromosome systems than in ZW sex-chromosome systems. Taken together, our results support the prediction that sexual size dimorphism is linked to sex-dependent developmental variations caused by environmental factors and also by sex chromosomes. Since the extent of size dimorphism is related to various behavioural, ecological and life-history differences between sexes, our results imply profound impacts of sex determination systems for vertebrate diversity.</span></span></span></span></p>
Sex differences in the behavioural traits across ontogenetic stages in a sexually-size dimorphic spider
<p>Data collected on males and females of the spider species <em>Dolomedes fimbriatus</em>. Behavioural biology, the relationship of sex, age and body mass to voracity, boldness and propensity to attack a simulated attacker throughout ontogeny.</p> <p>ID = individual code</p> <p>Gender = 0 - female; 1 - male</p> <p>Stage = 1 - juvenile; 2 - sub-adult; 3 - adult</p> <p>Repeat = the sequence number of the experiment repetition</p> <p>Boldess = Score for boldness experiments (0 - bold; 5 - shy)</p> <p>Voracity = Score for voracity experiment (0 - did not take a fly; 1 - took a fly)</p> <p>Attack = Score for propensity to attack simulated prefator (0 - did not attack; 1- attacked)</p> <p>Mass = Specimens body mass at the time of experiment in grams</p> <p>Age = Specimens age at the time of experiment in days before (negative) and after (positive) final molt</p> <p>Difference in masa = The difference in body mass between consecutive experiments for a specimen </p> <p>Difference in age = The difference in age between consecutive experiments for a specimen</p> <p>Difference Boldness = The difference in boldness scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen</p> <p>Absolute Difference Boldness = The absolute difference in boldness scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen </p> <p>Difference Voracity = The difference in voracity scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen </p> <p>Absolute Difference Voracity = The absolute difference in voracity scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen </p> <p>Difference Attack = The difference in attack scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen</p> <p>Absolute Difference Attack = The absolute difference in attack scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen</p>
Data from: Structural complexity of hunting habitat and territoriality increase the reversed sexual size dimorphism in diurnal raptors
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Data from: Leaf size in three generations of a dioecious tropical tree, Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae): sexual dimorphism and changes with age
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Data from: Macroecological patterns of sexual size dimorphism in turtles of the world
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Data from: Sneaker males affect fighter male body size and sexual size dimorphism in salmon
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Selection for increased male size predicts variation in sexual size dimorphism among fish species
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Data from: Interrelations of global macroecological patterns in wing and thorax size, sexual size dimorphism, and range size of the Drosophilidae
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Data from: Sexual size dimorphism as a determinant of fighting performance dimorphism in Anolis lizards
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Data from: Local climate determines intra- and interspecific variation in sexual size dimorphism in mountain grasshopper communities
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Data from: Developmental plasticity affects sexual size dimorphism in an anole lizard
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Data from: The causal relationship between sexual selection and sexual size dimorphism in marine gastropods
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Data from: How sexual and natural selection shape sexual size dimorphism: evidence from multiple evolutionary scales
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Data from: Morphological and functional implications of sexual size dimorphism in the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica
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An effect size statistical framework for investigating sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa
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Data from: Reversed brain size sexual dimorphism accompanies loss of parental care in white sticklebacks
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Data from: Sex-specific weight loss mediates sexual size dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster
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