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Fig. 8. Recent crustacean Euphausia superba Dana, 1852 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 8. Recent crustacean Euphausia superba Dana, 1852 (krill) from Gerlache Strait, Antarctica. A. Left lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Detail of stalked eyes after removing head shield. All light micrographs.

Fig. 9 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 9. Spiny shields in Recent crustaceans. A. Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes−Suhm 1873 (Malacostraca, Lophogastrida). B. Porcellanid larva (Decapoda). A from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean; B from www.zooplankton−online.net/gallery.html (courtesy of W.S. Johnson, Goucher College); both used with permission of the copyright holders.

Fig. 5 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 5. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1), general morphology. A. ROM 57902A, headshield in dorsal view without soft parts, note the different angle of the contact between the pleural folds and the cardinal spines, which allows for the position of the stalked eyes. B. ROM 57907A, B; B1, part of unique specimen from WS locality, with eyes, telson and telson flaps; B2, counterpart; B3, line drawing of specimen. C. ROM 57904A; C1, specimen showing paired midgut glands and telson flaps; C2, line drawing of specimen. All dorsoventrally compressed specimens and photographed under polarized light; B2, in water. Midgut glands in gray tone.

Fig. 6 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of the bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), swimming in the water column. Note that the position of the mouth and the attachments of the appendages to the body are conjectural. Not to scale.

Fig. 7. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave 1975 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 7. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave 1975. Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1), general morphology. A. USNM 18170, holotype. B. ROM 57910A. C. ROM 57911A. D. ROM 57909A. E. ROM 57908A, B; E1, part of slightly oblique specimen with soft−body preservation, including large eye, telson and some possible exopods; E2, counterpart; E3, line drawing of specimen. F. ROM 57919A. All laterally compressed specimens. A, low angle light from top left; B–F, polarized light.

Fig. 3 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 3. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), Raymond Quarry Shale Member, Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1), general morphology. A. ROM 57898A; A1, specimen showing large stalked eyes and the pair of raptorial frontal appendages; A2, line drawing of specimen. B. ROM 57914A; B1, partially decayed specimen with most of body and appendages rotated towards the front; B2, line drawing of specimen. C. ROM 57899A; C1, specimen with raptorial appendages oriented backwards and possible telson flaps; C2, line drawing of specimen. D. ROM 59871A; D1, considerably decayed specimen showing forward rotation of body and appendage remains; D2, line drawing of specimen. All laterally compressed specimens and polarized light. Midgut glands in gray tone.

Fig. 1. A in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 1. A. Topographic map of the Burgess Shale area near Field, British Columbia (Canada). The numbers indicate localities where specimens of Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908) and Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave, 1975 were collected by ROM parties. 1. West slope of Fossil Ridge: 1a, Greater Phyllopod bed, Walcott Quarry; 1b, Raymond Quarry; 1c, "persephone layer" (RQ +20 to +23); 1d, "Tuzoia layer" (TZ); 1e, Collins Quarry—"Ehmaniella Zone" (EZ) and "Upper Ehmaniella" (UE); 2, South face of Mt. Field; 3, North shoulder of Mt. Stephen (ESA, ESB); 4, S7 locality; 5, Mt. Stephen Collins Quarry (WS); 6, Mt. Stephen Trilobite Beds (ST); 7, Stanley Glacier. B. Stratigraphic section of the Burgess Shale and Stephen Formations (modified from Fletcher and Collins, 1998). Circles indicate the levels where specimens of Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908) and Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave, 1975 from the seven localities in A were collected.

Fig. 4 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 4. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), Raymond Quarry Shale Member, Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1). A. ROM 57905A, B; A1, part of specimen alternating midgut glands, possibly due to compaction, and narrow doublure; A2, specimen under low angle light from top left; A3, counterpart of specimen under low angle light from top left; A4, line drawing of specimen. B. ROM 57906B; B1, specimen with raptorial appendage, and 8 sets of midgut glands; B2, image showing endopod and exopod details; B3, specimen under low angle light from top left; B4, line drawing of specimen. All laterally compressed specimens. A1, B1, B2, polarized light; B2, in water; A2, A3, and B3 dry. Midgut glands in gray tone.

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Fig. 4. A in Cambrian chaetognaths recognized in Burgess Shale fossils

Fig. 4. A. Sagitta sp., compressed specimen in transmitted light, dorsal view; ZPAL Cg.1/146. Whole specimen (A1); magnification of the posterior part (A2); magnification of the head (A3). B.?Sagitta sp., stained and compressed specimen in reflected light, dorsal view; ZPAL Cg.1/146.1.Whole specimen (B1); magnification of the anterior part (B2).

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Fig. 2. Oesia disjuncta Walcott, 1911. A. USNM 277849. B. USNM 200552, C in Cambrian chaetognaths recognized in Burgess Shale fossils

Fig. 2. Oesia disjuncta Walcott, 1911. A. USNM 277849. B. USNM 200552, C. The same specimen as on Fig. 1C in slightly different view. D. The same specimen as on Fig.1A in slightly different view. E.USNM 277842 (E1) and USNM 277841 (E2), part and counterpart of the same specimen. F. USNM 203021, whole specimen (F1), and anterior part in higher magnification (F2). G. Anterior part of the counterpart of the specimen illustrated on Fig. 1B. Scale bars 1cm.

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Fig. 1. A–C. Oesia disjuncta Walcott, 1911. A. USNM 57631. B. USNM 57632. C. USNM 57630, lectotype. D. Archeterokrohnia rubra Casanova, 1986. E in Cambrian chaetognaths recognized in Burgess Shale fossils

Fig. 1. A–C. Oesia disjuncta Walcott, 1911. A. USNM 57631. B. USNM 57632. C. USNM 57630, lectotype. D. Archeterokrohnia rubra Casanova, 1986. E. Heterokrohnia mirabilis Ritter−Záhony, 1911. F. H. furnestine Casanova and Chidgey, 1987. A–C, after Walcott (1911); D–F, after Kapp (1991).

Fig. 9 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 9. Possible cambroclave animal, lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet FossilLagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. MGUH 3948, enlargement of sclerites (A), anterior striations (B), and entire specimen (C). Scale bars 5 mm. Specimen coated with sublimate.

Fig. 7 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 7. Outline phylogeny of Ecdysozoa, principally based on Sørensen et al. (2008), to indicate possible basal position of the palaeoscolecidans and related taxa.

Fig. 5 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 5. Palaeoscolecidan Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov., lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. MGUH 29152. A. Anterior and posterior (upper left) ends of folded specimen. B. Detail of introvert with anterior scalids and in lower right sclerites of posterior (lower left). Scale bars 10 mm. Specimen coated with sublimate.

Fig. 4 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 4. Palaeoscolecidans Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov. (A, C–F) and Chalazoscolex pharkus gen. et sp. nov. (B, G), lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Fossil−Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. A. MGUH 29147, anterior with introvert. B. MGUH 29148, enlargement of introvert and anterior trunk (B1) and entire specimen with gut trace (B2); see also Fig. 6F. C. MGUH 29149, enlargement of posterior end (C1) and entire specimen with gut trace (C2). D. MGUH 29142, enlargement of introvert, see also Fig. 3A. E. MGUH 29150, entire specimen (E1) and enlargement of introvert with everted pharyngeal region (E2); see also Fig. 6A. F. MGUH 29151, gut trace containing arthropod Isoxys volucris Williams, Siveter, and Peel, 1996 with characteristic spinose extension arrowed. G. MGUH 29137, gut trace; see also Fig. 2C. Scale bars 5 mm in D, G; otherwise 10 mm. All specimens coated with sublimate.

Fig. 1 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 1. Palaeoscolecidan Chalazoscolex pharkus gen. et sp. nov., lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. A. MGUH 29133, entire specimen (A1) and enlargements of trunk (A2) and introvert (A3); see also Fig. 6B. B. MGUH 29134, entire specimen (B1) and enlargements of anterior (B2), trunk (B3), and introvert (B4). Scale bars 10 mm. All specimens coated with sublimate.

Fig. 3 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 3. Palaeoscolecidan Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov., lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. A. MGUH 29142, entire specimen with introvert at top right; note also gut trace. B. MGUH 29143, entire specimen (B1) and enlargement of posterior (upper) and introvert with anterior spines (B2). C. MGUH 29144, detail of introvert (C1) and entire specimen (C2); see also Fig. 6E. D. MGUH 29145, detail of introvert (upper) and posterior termination (lower right) (D1) and entire specimen (D2). E. MGUH 29146, entire specimen. Scale bars 10 mm. All specimens coated with sublimate.

Fig. 8 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 8. Un−named early Cambrian palaeoscolecidans from the Latham Shale, Marble Mountains, California (A) and Kinzers Formation, south−eastern Pennsylvania (B–D). A. UCR 7003/1, counterpart (A1), part (A2), and detail of body (A3). B. NMNH&S P−V−80. C. NMNH&S P−V−81. D. NMNH&S P−V−10. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov (A, E) and Chalazoscolex pharkus gen. et sp. nov (B–D, F), lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. A. MGUH 291560, scalids of the introvert, see also Fig. 4E. B. MGUH 29133, grooves and ridges on the introvert, see also Fig. 1A. C. MGUH 29136, segments of trunk showing longitudinal cuticular ridges, see also Fig. 2B. D. MGUH 29141, posterior trunk with larger sclerites, see also Fig. 2G. E. MGUH 29144, detail of scalid, distal point to upper right, see also Fig. 3C. F. MGUH 29148, segments with rows of sclerites and intervening unarmoured areas of cuticle (F1) and scalids of introvert (F2), see also Fig. 4B. Scale bars 400 µm (A+F1), otherwise 300 µm. All specimens coated with gold film.